金融Essay作业范文：Benefit of Sponsoring a Mid-Major Collegiate Athletic Department
本文是金融专业的Essay范例，题目是“Benefit of Sponsoring a Mid-Major Collegiate Athletic Department（赞助一个中等专业大学体育部的好处）”，随着高校体育经费的不断增加，许多高校体育部门纷纷加大对体育项目的企业赞助力度。对于中大学部一所院校来说，由于缺乏全国性的追随者或全国性的知名度，大型国内或国际公司赞助的吸引力就更大了。因此，这些机构必须在地方和区域层面与较小的公司创造赞助机会。这些公司往往缺乏国际公司在营销和赞助项目中所使用的巨大财政资源。因此，衡量这些小公司合作伙伴赞助的投资回报对于最大化体育部门和合作伙伴之间的关系至关重要。
Abstract摘要
With the escalating costs of collegiate athletics, many colleges and universities athletic departments accelerate their efforts to increase corporate sponsorships of their programs. For the Mid-Major Division I Institutions, lacking in a national following or national promenence, the attractiveness of sponsorship by large national or international corporations dimenishes. Thus, these institutions must create sponsorship opportunities on the local and regional levels with smaller corporations. These corporations often lack the mega-financial resources that international corporations utilize in their marketing and sponsorship programs. Therefore, gauging the return on investment of the sponsorship by these smaller corporate partners becomes critical to maximizing the relationship between the athletic department and the partner. This study seeks to evaluate the sponsorship of mid-major collegiate level athletic department at NCAA Division I institutions by surveying and measuring the attitude of fans toward the sponsor, the goodwill of the sponsor, and the fan gngagement with the sponsor on the fans’ intentions to purchase the services or products of the sponsor. A similar study measured the sponsorship effectiveness with a Power 5 Football Program (Dees et al.) with national sponsors and previous studies explored brand awareness in sponsorship, but limited research has dealt with the issue of measuring the impact of corporate sponsorship of sports at the local/regional level. The previous research sugests if the proper alignment with sponsor and athletic program occurs and a strong sponsorship program is constructed that local and regional corporate sponsors will enjoy a high return on investment in the smaller but less competative regional sponsorship market.
Background of the Study研究背景
Mid-Major NCAA Division I athletic departments strive to produce winning teams and operate within their annual budgets. Unfortunately, the ever-increasing demand for improvement in facilities, upgrades in training requirements and treatment capabilities, and competition for top-flight athlete prospects leaves many of these programs to seek additional revenue through corporate sponsorships. Good relationships with sponsors lead to consistent revenue streams for the institutions’ athletic departments and provides the sponsors with loyal and captive fan bases with whom the sponsors draw potential new consumers.
美国大学体育协会(NCAA)中主要的第一区运动部门努力培养获胜队，并在其年度预算范围内运作。不幸的是，对改善设施、提高训练要求和治疗能力的不断增长的需求，以及对顶级运动员前景的竞争，使得许多此类项目不得不通过企业赞助来寻求额外的收入。与赞助商的良好关系可以为体育机构的体育部门带来稳定的收入来源，并为赞助商提供忠诚的忠实粉丝群，吸引潜在的新消费者。
Meenaghan describes sponsorship as investing in an activity or event in return for access to the attendees or viewers of the activity or event. Sponsorship can be financial or in-kind goods or services. Sports sponsorship remains attractive with companies because sporting events are often highly publicized, popular and widely attended. Sponsorship at the mid-major collegiate level differs from NCAA Division I Power Five conference level. Corporate sponsorship of an athletic program at a Power Five institution provides national exposure, larger population exposure, and likely requires more national based companies, where at a mid-major the sponsorship opportunities attract smaller more regional/local companies and gains attention of a smaller crowd.
Two studies: One by Dees et al. in 2008 on “Measuring the Effectiveness of Sponsorship of an Elite Intercollegiate Football Program in Sports Marketing Quarterly and the second by Weight et al. in 2010 on the “Corporate Motives for Sports Sponsorship at Mid-Major Collegiate Athletic Departments” in the Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics formed the basis for this research study.Dees et al. explored the value of sponsorship at Power Five collegiate sporting events and determined that the effects of the sponsorship for the sponsoring company. Weight et al. describe sponsorship serving an integral purpose in revenue generation for collegiate athletic programs pushing athletic administrations to seek new sponsorship avenues.
Problem Statement问题陈述
Extensive research has been completed on sponsorship and brand awareness, but little research has been conducted on measuring how effective the sponsorship of collegiate athletic departments and programs is to the sponsor in generating customers and customers buying product. One study explored the effectiveness of sponsorship at one of the Power 5 conference institutions, but the void exists at the mid-major level of Division I athletics (Dees et al.). This research explored the issue through three independent variables: fan attitude toward the sponsor, goodwill of the sponsor, and fan engagement with the sponsorship and the effect of these three independent variables on the dependent variable of purchase intentions of the fans. Dees et al. utilized purchase intentions as the dependent variable since the researches felt purchase intentions demonstrated good results in future product purchases as demonstrated by Hartley. The research by Covell and by Chen et al. identifies the link between the fan’s attitude and purchasing intentions or brand awareness theory. Sutton and McDonald’s research demonstrated that fan involvement with the sponsor (social theory) is a construct that can measure effectiveness of the sponsorship because the view of the sponsor toward the event or team if good causes the fan to extend goodwill toward the sponsor.
关于赞助和品牌意识的广泛研究已经完成，但很少有研究测量大学体育部门和项目的赞助对赞助商产生顾客和顾客购买产品的有效性。一项研究探讨了五大会议机构之一的赞助有效性，但这种空白存在于中等专业水平的一级竞技体育(迪斯等人)。本研究通过球迷对赞助商的态度、赞助商的商誉、球迷对赞助商的参与三个自变量来探讨问题，以及这三个自变量对球迷购买意愿这个因变量的影响。Dees等人使用购买意愿作为因变量，因为研究认为购买意愿在未来的产品购买中表现出良好的效果，如Hartley所示。Covell和Chen等人的研究确定了粉丝态度与购买意愿或品牌意识理论之间的联系。萨顿和麦当劳的研究表明，球迷对赞助商的参与(社会理论)是一个可以衡量赞助有效性的构式，因为如果赞助商对事件或球队的看法是好的，那么球迷会对赞助商表达善意。
Purpose of the Study
The study will measure the benefit to the corporate sponsor a mid-major collegiate athletic department. The purpose of this research involves gauging the return on investment a company makes with sponsoring a Mid-Major collegiate athletic department.
Significance of the Study研究意义
This research study in evaluating the potential return on investment for companies sponsoring Mid-Major athletic departments may demonstrate the positives for local and regional companies to sponsor Mid-Major athletic departments or for companies to demand more benefits in their sponsorship benefits to increase their return on investment in the sponsorship. The research may show that even though the crowds at mid-major collegiate athletic competitions maybe smaller, with the lesser regional/local competition for sponsorship the return on investment could be higher. If Mid-Major athletic department developing their sponsorship proposals know the research is available, they may find improvements for their sponsorship packages or solicit larger sponsorship payments. The results of the research may revolutionize sponsorship programs for Mid-Major collegiate athletic departments.
本研究评估赞助中大型体育部门的公司的潜在投资回报，可能会证明地方和区域公司赞助中大型体育部门或公司要求更多的利益在他们的赞助利益中，以增加他们的投资回报赞助。这项研究可能表明，尽管参加中专大学体育比赛的人数可能会减少，但由于赞助竞争的地区/地方程度较低，投资回报可能会更高。如果中部主要的体育部门在制定他们的赞助计划时知道这项研究是可行的，他们可能会发现他们的赞助计划得到了改善，或者请求更大的赞助费用。这项研究的结果可能会彻底改变中专大学体育部门的赞助计划。
Definition of Terms
A common financial term Return on Investment (ROI) indicates the ratio of profitability measuring the profit amount generated by an investment relative to the cost of the investment. ROI, expressed as a percentage, serves as an extremely useful tool for evaluation of investments or comparing investment opportunities (Brown, et al.).
The NCAA labels the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), The Big 12 Conference, the Big Ten Conference, the Pac-12 Conference, and the Southeastern Conference (SEC) that compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS, for football as the Power Five Conferences. The industry and the NCAA utilize the descriptor of Mid-Major Institutions to indicate collegiate institutional teams that complete in the Football Championship Subdivision, FCS, for football or do not offer men’s football. The conferences include the America East, Atlantic 10, Atlantic Sun, Big Sky, Big South, Big West, Colonial, Conference USA, Horizon, Ivy League, MAAC, MAC, MEAC, Missouri Valley, Northeast, Ohio Valley, Patriot, Southern, Southland, SWAC, Summit, Sun Belt, West Coast, and WAC.
Limitations限制
Several limitations potential exists in a research study of this fashion. Since the quantitative study involves the survey of fans attending a sporting event, the number of usable responses provided from the fans at a sporting events maybe reduced or the fans attending the event may not generalize to all mid-major athletic programs due to the type of fans, either gender, age, etc. who attend Mid-Major collegiate athletic events. Extemporaneous variables, such as sport played, gender of sport played, and other sports offered by the institution could affect a fan’s response on purchasing intent because the impact these extemporaneous variables have on the dependent variable. Different sports offered by the institution solicit different fans. Field hockey and football have distinct followers that may or may not overlap. Fan attendance at men’s soccer or basketball usually exceeds the attendance numbers at women’s soccer or basketball. The lack of a football program at an institution may elevate another sport, men’s hockey or basketball, to more elite status or extensive viewer status potentially effecting the ROI. The timeframe for the research data collection may hinder the findings if the timeframe is too short or occurs when the team is experiencing a losing streak or riding the popularity of a winning streak. Geographic location and proximity of the institution to a large metropolitan area likely alters the findings of the research.
在这种方式的研究中存在几个潜在的限制。定量研究涉及到调查以来的球迷参加一个体育赛事,从提供的许多可用的回答球迷在体育赛事可能减少或参加活动的球迷可能不概括所有mid-major体育项目由于粉丝的类型,无论性别,年龄,等参加中专大学体育赛事的学生。即时性变量，如所玩的体育运动，所玩的体育性别，以及机构提供的其他体育运动，都可能影响球迷对购买意图的反应，因为这些即时性变量的影响会对因变量产生影响。该机构提供的不同运动项目吸引不同的球迷。曲棍球和足球有不同的追随者，可能有也可能没有重叠。男子足球或篮球比赛的球迷上座率通常超过女子足球或篮球比赛的观众人数。一个机构缺乏足球项目可能会将另一项运动，如男子曲棍球或篮球，提升到更精英的地位或更广泛的观众地位，从而潜在地影响投资回报率。如果收集研究数据的时间框架太短，或者发生在团队正在经历一场连败或在一场连胜中受欢迎的时候，那么收集研究数据的时间框架可能会阻碍研究结果。该机构的地理位置和与大都市地区的距离可能会改变研究结果。
Delimitations
In choosing to study the effects of sponsorship at a Mid-Major collegiate institution in the Northeast away from a large metropolitan area without a football program but with a strong hockey program, the research limits the potential returns on investment but hopefully will show a strong return. Thus, demonstrating that ROI for sponsorship of Mid-Major institutions by local/regional corporations can be profitable and beneficial to these companies and to the institutions. In choosing the University of Vermont for the institution, the research will hopefully utilize the lowest common denominator and thus, demonstrate a strong ROI for future investors even at a isolated, non-football institution. The survey and statistical analysis approach appears to be the proper methodology choice for this research, but other different measurement designs, such as structural equation modeling or path modeling (Dees et al.), may provide a better evaluation of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. A larger sample size and a more diverse sampling population with minority participation would likely enhance the results of the study.
Literature Review
For collegiate athletic departments corporate sponsorship serves as one of the most effective and popular means of revenue generation, even though limited statistical analysis exists on the effectiveness of sponsorship programs for collegiate athletic departments. Meenaghan identifies that advertising often is extremely expensive and not effective in growing the consumer base, while sport sponsorship provides a direct and relatively inexpensive approach to targeting specific consumer groups. Many research studies have identified the benefits to sport sponsorship to the sponsors and even to sponsorship on college campuses (Covell, 2001; Dees et al. 2008; Gray, 1996; McElrath, 2002; Sutton et al., 2001; Wear et al., 2016; and Weight et al., 2010). The research indicated that sponsors desire on-site presence and exclusivity in their agreements and a necessity that the sponsorship program provides a measurement aspect to gauge the effectiveness of the sponsorship.
In Sutton and McDonald’s research, the authors describe the changing landscape in corporate sponsorship of collegiate athletic programs as sponsorships become more sophisticated with unique benefits, targeted selling, and strategic approaches. Corporations want to partner with athletic programs to ensure deeper and more substantial connections with potential and existing customers (Sutton & McDonald, 2001 and Gray, 1996). The authors identify the importance of community outreach programs launching the corporate sponsorships because these programs allow the corporation to engage in community related event, which coincides with the sponsor’s outreach programs/strategies. The corporations link their products and brand name with the popular college team and capture a “feel good” moment in the community with an outreach community event (Sutton & McDonald). The outreach programs provide significant benefit to the sponsor because the outreach programs cause a lasting profound effect on the potential purchaser (Sutton & McDonald). With a viable and profitable approach to target consumers, sports sponsorship requires study to measure the effectiveness of the phenomenon of the sponsorship’s impact on the consumers to purchase the sponsor’s services or goods.
Armed with the need to study the effectiveness of sports spnosorship of college athletic departments and programs, the constructs of the argument must be established. Chen and Zhang established a link between attitude and intention about naming rights, attitude toward commercialization, stadium identification, and perception of financial state of the athletic department on perceptions and purchase intentions toward the sponsor and the sponsor’s product, on feelings toward the team and the stadium, and on the willingness of students to attend sporting events. Hartley determined that awareness, perceptions, and engagement serve as important tenets in measuring the performance and impact of a sports sponsorship. Dees et al. applied Hartley’s areas of focus in their research of the effectiveness of corporate sponsorship at a Power Five Conference football game. From the research performed by Dees et al., the three independent variables of the fan’s attitude toward the sponsor, the fan’s perceivingness toward the goodwill of the sponsor, and the fan engagement with the sponsor (Dees et al.) and the dependent variable of the fan’s purchase intentions of the sponsors’ product or services. The research performed by Wear et al. studied the return on investment for apparel sponsorships on college campuses. The research study performed by Covell provided additional insights or issues in correctly measuring the potential purchasing intent of spectators attending an athletic event (Covell).
In evaluating the effectiveness of a sponsorship program on a college campus, it is important to understand the benefits provided by the college to the sponsor and what elements of the sponsorship program remain critical to the sponsor. Significant research exists which describles benefits to sponsoring companies and McElrath’s research identified the needs of the corporate sponsor regarding the sponsorship opportunity. This study involved identifying a corporate profile for potential sponsors at NCAA D1 institutions and describing the tenets of successful sponsorship programs (McElrath). The research surveyed corporate sponsors and categorized the responses into increasing long-term sales, reaching a demographic target market, and enhancing company image as the leading requirements of a successful sponsorship program (McElrath). Name sponsor of a sporting event, VIP hospitality, and media coverage were identified in the research as the more beneficial and worthwhile opportunities presented by sponsorships (McElrath). Further research involved exploring what benefits and criteria allows local companies to engage in a sponsorship program with mid-major institutions (Weight et al.). Results indicated that sponsors desire on-site presence and exclusivity in their agreements and a necessity that the sponsorship program provides a measurement aspect to gauge the effectiveness of the sponsorship (Weight et al.). Castiglione author discusses the strategy marketing or sponsorship managers in the athletic departments of institutions not recognized on the national level must develop to achieve the results of a potential sponsor, which involves demonstrating a strong return on the sponsor’s investment in the local community. In providing a strong investment and identification in the community, the institution creates the incentive for local companies to sponsor (Castligone).
Meenaghan postulates that a fan’s favorable feelings toward the sponsor greatly influence the consumer’s intentions to purchase the sponsor’s product or services. Furthermore, higher involved fans provide greater engagement with the sponsor and exhibit a higher propensity toward purchasing the sponsor’s product or services because of the connection drawn between the sponsor and the sporting event (Meenaghan).
Methodology方法
The research purpose involves gauging the return on investment a company receives with sponsoring a Mid-Major collegiate athletic department in the hopes of demonstrating that by fostering fans’ positive attitude, goodwill, and involvement with a sponsor the purchasing intent of those fans will increase. According to Johnson and Christensen, the quantitative research method provides statistical data that will either support or deny the hypotheses of the research. The data collected in this research study will permit the generalization of sponsorship benefits for all Mid-Major institutions or help those institutions craft better sponsorship packages that will generate more corporate support in their local regions.
该研究的目的包括评估公司通过赞助中专大学体育部门而获得的投资回报，希望证明通过培养球迷的积极态度、善意和与赞助商的参与，这些球迷的购买意愿将会增加。根据Johnson和Christensen的观点，定量研究方法提供了统计数据来支持或否定研究的假设。本研究收集的数据将有助于推广所有中大型院校的赞助利益，或帮助这些院校制定更好的赞助方案，从而在其所在地区获得更多的企业支持。
Sample (Participants)
Participants in the study will be selected at random by choosing the second, seventh and tenth person through the gate of every ten individuals that passed through the gate. This randomization method of sampling hopefully provides a diverse representation of the population. The subjects will be fans attending paid sporting events (men’s and women’s soccer, men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s hockey and men’s and women’s lacrosse, whichever sports are available at the time of the data collection) at a northeast mid-major institution during a season. The different sports will normalize the generalization by creating a more fully demographic representation of the fan population. Limiting the study to a season will allow the researchers to focus the results but may skew the findings with some statistical anomalies. The intent of the sampling is to capture between 100 and 250 participants per sporting event.
Methods of Data Collection数据收集方法
The method of data collection for this research study involves a questionnaire survey distributed to a randomly selected sample of fans attending various sporting events at the selected mid-major collegiate institution. The survey will include demographical information on the fan participants and responses to five questions involving each of the three independent variables and the dependent variable. Demographic information and contact information will be collected at the event site and then the survey sent to the fan participants via email with a link to the web-based online survey. The online surveys offer a higher response rate according to Wright’s research than paper surveys. The online survey reduces time spent performing the survey and collecting the data (Wright) and cost savings because storage of paper surveys are eliminated (Wright). Disadvantages from Wright’s article include sampling issues with the population and their demographic responses and low response rates due to participant’s neglect.
本研究采用的数据收集方法是随机抽取中专院校参加各类体育赛事的球迷样本进行问卷调查。调查将包括有关粉丝参与者的人口统计信息，以及对涉及三个自变量和因变量的五个问题的回答。人口统计信息和联系信息将在活动现场收集，然后通过电子邮件将调查发送给粉丝参与者，并附上基于网络的在线调查链接。根据赖特的研究，在线调查的回复率高于书面调查。在线调查减少了执行调查和收集数据所花费的时间(Wright)，同时也减少了纸质调查的存储成本(Wright)。Wright的文章的缺点包括人口的抽样问题和他们的人口统计反应，以及由于参与者的忽视而导致的低反应率。
Instrumentation and Data Collection Procedure
The questions on the online survey will measure the fan’s attitude toward the sponsor, the fan’s awareness of the goodwill of the sponsor, the fan’s engagement with the sponsor, and the fan’s purchase intentions of the sponsor’s products or services. Through working with quantitative research professors to develop the questionnaire and utilizing other studies to help prepare questions the survey questions can be vetted. Further refinement of the questions can occur through the use of small sample groups on whom to tryout the questionnaire. The survey questions should be written to avoid bias and avoid leading the responder’s answers in a common direction. The ratings for the responses will utilized a fully anchored five-point scale (Johnson and Christensen) with ratings from 1 to 5 corresponding to strongly disagree to strongly agree, respectively. SurveyCrafter will serve as the tool to create and administer the survey, which enables the online survey to track respondent’s email, email response notification, real-time tracking of responses, and export data collected into statistical software.
Data Analysis
A correlational analysis (Johnson and Christensen) will be conducted on the three independent variables and the dependent variable to determine significance of the variables and whether the variables possess a positive corelation with each other. Further regression analysis of the results will hopefully indicate whether the three independent variables are adequate predictors of sonsumer purchase intentions of the sponsor’s product or services.
将对三个自变量和因变量进行相关分析(Johnson and Christensen)，确定变量的显著性以及变量之间是否存在正相关关系。进一步的回归分析结果将有希望表明这三个自变量是否足够预测消费者对赞助商的产品或服务的购买意愿。
Ethical Considerations
To ensure the safety of human subjects in this research, all participants will be granted voluntary participation and informed consent to participate in the study along with access to the findings and conclusions of the study. The research study, and specifically the data collection, handling, and analysis will follow the AERA standards (Johnson and Christensen) guaranteeing that all human subjects choose to participate of their own free will and each has been fully informed regarding the procedures of the research project and any potential risks. These standards will protect the confidentiality and anonymity of the subjects.
Validity, Reliability, and Trustworthiness有效性、可靠性和可信度
The fan’s attitude toward the sponsor, goodwill or positive attitude toward the sponsor, and fan involvement and engagement serve as the independent variables and the purchase of the sponsor’s product serves as the dependent variable. Numerous studies have indicated that a fan’s positive attitude toward a sponsor indicates a potential for the fan to purchase of the product, thus a relationship between fan’s positive attitude and potential purchase exists. The fans positive feeling toward the sponsor occurs before the purchase of the sponsors product. Though conditions exist that may cause a fan not to purchase a sponsor’s product, those conditions do not affect the fans good feeling toward the sponsor. Causation exists since the three conditions are established, the relationship exists, temporal ordering is correct, and the lack of alternative explanations occur, thus causation exists, and internal validity is established.
球迷对赞助商的态度、对赞助商的亲善或积极态度、球迷的参与和参与为自变量，购买赞助商产品为因变量。大量研究表明，粉丝对赞助商的积极态度表明了粉丝购买该产品的可能性，因此粉丝的积极态度与潜在购买之间存在着一种关系。球迷对赞助商的积极感觉发生在购买赞助商产品之前。虽然存在可能导致球迷不购买赞助商产品的条件，但这些条件并不影响球迷对赞助商的好感。因果存在，因为这三个条件建立了，关系存在，时间顺序正确，并且出现了替代解释的缺失，因此因果存在，内部效度建立。
External validity will be established through the systematic measurement of the fans’ positive response to the sponsor, goodwill or positive attitude toward the sponsor, fan involvement and engagement, and the purchase of the sponsor’s product across all specters of age, race, and genders. The quantitative assessment can be arranged to measure multiple groups of different participants. The fans selected to participate are to be solicited by random means but of significant quantity to ensure that population validity can be established for the target population of fans. The survey will include demographic information about each fan participant.
The measurement of the variables will be performed through fully anchored five-point scale response to the questions in the surveys, which would gauge the fan’s attitude toward the sponsor goodwill or positive attitude toward the sponsor, fan involvement and engagement, and record the likelihood of the fan to purchase the sponsor’s product. The surveys will be reviewed by quantitative research experts and a focus group to assure relevance of the survey questions to the study, representativeness of the study questions and the available responses to the questions to the scope of the study, and the clarity of the questions and responses. Once the survey has been reviewed, then it should be sampled by a small group and frequency measures calculated and reliability analysis conducted on the constructs.
The survey measures the attitude of the fan toward the sponsor goodwill or positive attitude toward the sponsor, fan involvement and engagement, and the intent to purchase the sponsor’s product through five different questions for each resulting in twenty questions and five questions regarding demographics of the respondent. Each survey will be coded, and the response data tabulated for data analysis, which will determine frequencies, means, and standard deviation of the data measured. From the data analysis statistical conclusions will be drawn regarding the relationship between goodwill or positive attitude toward the sponsor, fan involvement and engagement, and the fans purchasing demand of the sponsor’s product. From the statistical conclusions the research should be able to determine the magnitude of the connection between the fans’ positive feelings toward the sponsor and the fans’ intention to purchase product from the sponsor.
该调查通过五个不同的问题来衡量球迷对赞助商的好感或对赞助商的积极态度，球迷的参与和参与，以及购买赞助商产品的意向，每个问题有二十个问题，五个问题是关于被调查者的人口统计数据。将对每个调查进行编码，并将响应数据制成表格进行数据分析，这将确定所测量数据的频率、平均值和标准偏差。从数据分析中得出对赞助商的善意或积极态度、球迷参与与参与、球迷对赞助商产品的购买需求之间的关系的统计结论。从统计结论来看，研究应该能够确定粉丝对赞助商的积极感觉和粉丝从赞助商那里购买产品的意愿之间的联系的大小。
Reliability in the data occurs if the surveys are conducted over different years and at least three different Mid-Major Institutions. However, the scope of that scale of research exceeds the bounds of this work and thus must be left to other researchers to replicate this research at one mid-major collegiate institution with isolated geography during one season of events. Further study should demonstrate the findings can be replicated at other geographically located institutions near or in large metropolitan areas and different regions of the United States and in different economic situations.
Research Timeline研究时间表
Completion of the data collection and analysis within an eight week session may prove to be daunting. Realistically, the preperation of the survey may take two weeks with the review by quanitative researchers and the assembly and review from the focus group. This two-step review is inherently necessary to eliminate bias and capture the correct data in the survey. The survey work will likely involve four to six weeks of time, given the availablity of enough home sporting events of a variety of sports to build a diverse sample pool. The data assembly and analysis will involve a two week period even though assembly will overlap with collection and cateloguing of the data. The write-up of the research will then involve another two week period for consultation with my professor and subsequent editing. In all, the research should involve a ten to twelve week project timeline.
在8周的时间内完成数据收集和分析可能是令人生畏的。实际上，调查的准备工作可能需要两周的时间，包括定量研究人员的审查和焦点小组的会议和审查。为了消除偏见和在调查中获取正确的数据，这两个步骤的审查本质上是必要的。调查工作可能需要四到六周的时间，因为有足够多的各种体育项目的家庭体育活动，可以建立一个多样化的样本库。数据组装和分析将涉及两周的时间，尽管组装将与数据的收集和分类重叠。研究报告的撰写还需要两周的时间来咨询我的教授并进行后续的编辑。总的来说，这项研究应该包括一个10到12周的项目时间表。
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