会计Essay代写格式模板：Evaluation of Measurement Bases for for Financial Reporting
会计Essay代写格式模板，题目是“Evaluation of Measurement Bases for for Financial Reporting（财务报告计量基础的评价）”，2018年3月发布的修订后的财务报告概念框架(概念框架)立即对国际会计准则理事会(IASB)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)生效。此外，修订后的概念框架包括一个新的章节，即第6章，其中包括计量及其两个基础是历史成本和公允价值。计量是确定在资产负债表和损益表中确认和应计的财务报表要素的货币数额的过程(IFRS基金会，2010)。此外，本文将详细探讨这两种计量基础，并实现现实生活中的例子，全球公司如何利用这些计量基础作为因素，考虑将其包括在各自的财务报表及其影响。最后，这篇文章将通过概述在其有效和高效的查看财务报表中更有效地利用计量基础来总结。
The revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework) issued in March 2018 is effective immediately for the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Additionally, the revised Conceptual Framework included a new chapter, being chapter 6, which included measurement and its two bases being historical cost and fair value. Measurement is the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of the financial statements are to be recognised and accrued in the balance sheet and the income statement (IFRS Foundation, 2010). Furthermore, this essay will explore the two measurement bases in detail as well as implementing real life examples of how global companies utilise these measurement bases as factors when considering including it within their respective financial statements and its impact. Finally, this essay will then conclude by outlining which measurement base is more efficient in its utilisation within financial statements for effective and efficient viewing.
Firstly, many of the leading companies around the world intend to publish their respective financial statements, on an annually/quarterly basis, in order for effective use. It can then be considered that both the measurement bases being historical cost and current value are therefore not ‘mutually exclusive’ and instead both concepts are mainly ‘complementary’ both having their respective strengths and weaknesses [Deaconou A, 2004]. The First element being historical cost which measures use information derived from the transaction or event that created the element [Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting, reporting & analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p80]. Some of the companies which will be discussed within the essay that implement historical cost will be Lego and Mercedes which are well renowned global companies.
首先，世界上许多领先的公司都打算每年或每季度公布各自的财务报表，以便有效地使用。然后可以认为，作为历史成本和当前价值的测量基础因此不是“互斥的”，相反，这两个概念主要是“互补的”，都有各自的优势和劣势[Deaconou A, 2004]。第一个元素是历史成本，它度量了从创建该元素的交易或事件中获得的信息[Maynard, J.(2017)]。财务会计、报告和分析。牛津:牛津大学出版社。p80]。在这篇文章中将要讨论的一些实施历史成本的公司将是乐高和梅赛德斯，这是著名的全球公司。
On the other hand, another measurement base which companies may consider when structuring their financial statements is current value also known as ‘fair value’ main purpose is to measure the use of information that is updated to reflect the conditions at the measurement date and incorporate both positive and negative changes [Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting, reporting & analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p81]. Alongside, current value the companies which will be discussed are Microsoft and Hugo Boss where they employ fair value as their stronger form of measurement in regards to their financial assets. Alternatively, many companies around the world also use their own respective measurement bases to effectively measure liabilities alongside assets. However, for the purpose of this essay it will only concentrate on the measurement of assets rather than liabilities.
另一方面,另一个构建时测量基础,公司可能会考虑他们的财务报表是当前值也称为“公允价值”的主要目的是测量使用的信息更新,以反映条件测量日期和把正面和负面的变化[梅纳德j .(2017)。财务会计、报告和分析。牛津:牛津大学出版社。p81]。此外，当前价值将被讨论的公司是微软和Hugo Boss，他们使用公允价值作为衡量其金融资产的更有力的形式。另外，世界各地的许多公司也使用各自的计量基础来有效地计量负债和资产。然而，就本文的目的而言，它将只集中于资产的计量而不是负债。
One of the companies which prioritise historical cost is Lego. According to Lego (annual reports 2017) their consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the historical cost convention. Furthermore, Lego is regulated by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) only recently in 2015 which is line with the Conceptual framework further insinuating the approach of the regulation which is principle based. One of the possible reasoning’s for Lego (2017) to base the majority of their financial assets, within their financial statements, could be solely down to the reliability of historical cost. This is due to the acquisition of the non – current assets being made a reliable transaction as it is documented through receipts, invoices and contracts in order for further proof and evidence of its purchase, thus solidifying its verifiability. Due to this it then indicates that annual reports are not misleading towards the financial market as the figures stated are genuine. Contrastingly, this is further enhanced through the recent tragic incident regarding ‘Alton Towers’ where some of the public were injured in a ride due to some maintenance issues which caused the accident. The costs of the damages were not anticipated to be included the following year’s annual reports. This then depicts how the annual reports may be misleading to potential investors, lenders and the public thus undermining the credibility and illustrating the financial statements as not being faithfully represented as this then depicts the liability on the part of Merlin Entertainments.
优先考虑历史成本的公司之一是乐高(Lego)。根据乐高(2017年年度报告)，他们的合并财务报表是按照历史成本惯例编制的。此外，乐高仅在2015年才受到国际财务报告标准(IFRS)的监管，这与概念框架一致，进一步暗示了基于原则的监管方法。乐高(2017年)将其大部分金融资产建立在其财务报表中，可能的原因之一是历史成本的可靠性。这是由于对非流动资产的收购是一项可靠的交易，它通过收据、发票和合同进行记录，以便进一步证明和证明其购买，从而巩固了其可核实性。由于这一点，它然后表明，年度报告没有误导金融市场，因为所陈述的数字是真实的。相比之下，最近发生在“奥尔顿塔”的悲剧事件进一步强化了这一点，在这起事故中，一些公众在乘坐过程中因一些维护问题而受伤。预计损失费用不会包括在下一年的年度报告中。这然后描述了年度报告如何可能误导潜在的投资者，贷款人和公众，从而破坏可信性，并说明财务报表不如其所示，然后描述了部分梅林娱乐的责任。
Additionally, another argument made could be that many companies refer to historical cost as part of their financial assets could be solely down to a lack of data manipulation as there will always be a foundation for the respective business transaction. Another possible reasoning for companies such as ‘Lego’ for settling with historical cost as their main measurement base for their financial assets could potentially be down to companies utilising their financial assets in order to produce goods and services for the benefit of customers. This is further reinforced through Hoogervosrt [2015] who supports this claim by stating that it may be in the interest of companies to ‘combine assets’ for customer usage which may illustrate the significance of historical cost and its distinction. Another company which favours historical cost within its annual reports is Mercedes (annual reports 2017). According to Mercedes (2017), the accounting standards to which they adhere to are the (Accounting standards)?
此外，还有一种观点认为，许多公司将历史成本作为其金融资产的一部分，可能仅仅是因为缺乏数据操纵，因为各个业务交易总是有基础的。“乐高”等公司以历史成本作为其金融资产的主要衡量基础的另一个可能原因可能是，这些公司利用其金融资产为客户生产商品和提供服务。Hoogervosrt[2015]进一步强化了这一点，他支持这一主张，指出为客户使用“合并资产”可能符合公司的利益，这可能说明了历史成本及其区别的重要性。另一家倾向于在年度报告中采用历史成本的公司是梅赛德斯(2017年年度报告)。根据Mercedes(2017)，他们所遵循的会计准则是(accounting standards)?
On the other hand, it could possibly be argued that historical cost as a measurement base also has its drawbacks especially the fact that the acquisition cost of a certain asset does become slightly outdated over the years. Moreover, the repercussion of measuring assets through the use of historical cost is that it then ultimately leads the cost being overstated whereas depreciation on the other hand is then understated.
另一方面，历史成本作为计量基础也有其缺点，特别是某项资产的取得成本随着时间的推移会变得有些过时。此外，通过使用历史成本来衡量资产的后果是，它最终导致成本被高估，而折旧则被低估。
On the contrary according to Microsoft (annual reports 2018) they have specifically indicated that they account for certain assets as well as liabilities at fair value. Moreover, Microsoft are regulated by the financial accounting standard board which is US GAAP which enhances how the regulation has more of a rule – based approach rather than principle based which would be of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In support of Microsoft opting to utilise their assets at fair value it can be argued that at current value it is an efficient and effective method of comparability between different companies as an effective measure of comparing and contrasting the company’s financial assets with another business in order to gain a competitive edge
相反，根据微软(2018年年度报告)，它们明确表示，它们以公允价值计入某些资产和负债。此外，微软受到财务会计标准委员会的监管，这是美国公认会计准则，这加强了监管有更多的规则为基础的方法，而不是原则为基础的国际财务报告准则(IFRS)。支持微软选择利用他们的资产公允价值可以认为,在当前值,它是一种有效的和有效的方法不同公司之间的相似性比较和对比的有效措施与另一个业务公司的金融资产以获得竞争优势
Similarly, Hugo Boss (2017) also account their major assets at fair value whilst their other assets may be recorded through historical cost. T
Contrastingly, it could also be argued that fair value also has its weaknesses too. Firstly, the value of the asset can become unreliable and irrelevant if the PPE were never to be sold. Likewise, fair value’s credibility can be further enhanced through the use of creative accounting as current value mostly has the tendency in order for companies to gain an advantage in terms of publishing their respective annual reports due to misleading figures and profits. This is further supported by a recent event in which a major company being Tesco misinterpreted their figures in the financial statements as they initially overstated their profits for the accounting period by approximately £263 million Kukreja & Gupta [2016].
相比之下，公允价值也有其弱点。首先，如果不出售PPE，资产的价值可能变得不可靠和无关。同样，公允价值的可信度可以通过使用创造性会计进一步提高，因为当前价值大多具有这样的趋势，以使公司在发布各自的年度报告时，由于误导性的数字和利润获得优势。最近发生的一件事进一步证明了这一点:一家大型公司乐购曲解了他们在财务报表中的数字，因为他们最初将会计期间的利润夸大了大约2.63亿英镑Kukreja & Gupta[2016]。
To conclude, this essay has explored the basic concept of both the measurement bases in detail being historical cost and current value. Additionally, outlining some of the major companies around the world and analysing their preferred choice of measurement regarding their respective financial assets as well as discussing the benefits and the drawbacks of each. Additionally, it can be argued that for some of the major companies it would be beneficial for them to utilise historical cost as a measurement basis for their financial assets whereas others may want to operate with fair value. This essay has also in one way or another examined which companies are regulated in regards to the financial accounting standards. From the following essay it is then clear that both measurement bases are reliable in their own way thus the majority of worldwide companies employ both bases of measurement in regards to its financial assets and liabilities reinforcing the significance of both historical cost and fair value.
最后，本文详细探讨了历史成本和现值两种计量基础的基本概念。此外，概述了一些主要的公司在世界各地，并分析了他们首选的衡量方式，关于他们各自的金融资产，并讨论了每个的好处和缺点。此外，可以认为，对于一些大公司来说，将历史成本作为其金融资产的计量基础是有益的，而其他公司可能想要以公允价值进行操作。这篇文章也以一种或另一种方式检查了哪些公司是监管的财务会计准则。从下面的文章可以清楚地看到，这两种计量基础都是可靠的，因此，大多数全球公司在其金融资产和负债方面采用这两种计量基础，以加强历史成本和公允价值的重要性。
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