会计Essay代写模板：Roles of Management and Agency Theory and Exchange Rate Policies for Macroeconomic Targets
本文是会计专业的Essay范例，题目是“Roles of Management and Agency Theory and Exchange Rate Policies for Macroeconomic Targets（管理与代理理论与汇率政策对宏观经济目标的作用）”，财务管理是指为实现企业的目标而对企业的资金资源进行收购和筹集，然后用于投资的方式(Atrill&McLaney, 2015)。研究发现，考虑主要利益相关者的目标至关重要，因为他们对企业所有者的财富创造做出了贡献(Baker, 2015)。
Financial management refers to the ways in which monetary resources for a business are acquired and raised and then used to make investments in order to achieve the objectives for the enterprise (Atrill&McLaney, 2015). It has been found that it is essential to consider the main stakeholders’ objectives because of their contribution towards the wealth creation of the business owners (Baker, 2015).
Agency theory is a business model which helps to outline the relationship and the issues between the participants, especially the conflicts when various parties are not sharing the same interest (Kivistö & Zalyevska, 2015).
It has been found that the most important conflict of interests occurs while managers are running a company and they sometimes make corporate decisions in their own interest. On the other hand, because the directors (agent) are employed to perform activities on shareholders’ (principal’s) behalf it is essential to motivate managers such that by their decision to align their interests with the shareholders benefits (Armstrong, 2012).
研究发现，最重要的利益冲突发生在管理者经营公司的过程中，他们有时从自己的利益出发做出公司决策。另一方面，由于董事(代理人)是被雇佣来代表股东(委托人)进行活动的，因此必须激励经理人，使他们的决定使他们的利益与股东的利益保持一致(Armstrong, 2012)。
The managers usually coordinate all organisational activities in a systematic way in order to maximize firm value and they are responsible to achieve the business objectives. In view of this, three essential financial decisions of managers are concerned with the long term strategy by referring to key areas such as investment, finance and dividends (Drury, 2015)
To operate, a business should be well financed; therefore one of manager’s roles is to make sure that their decisions lead to use finance efficiently. Thus, for investment decisions, managers take into account appropriate projects which will consider the purchase of non-current assets at the beginning of the process. In addition, it is essential for managers to ensure for example that inventory levels are well connected with production or debts are collected on a timely basis (Kaplan Publishing UK, 2015).
要经营，企业必须有充足的资金;因此，管理者的角色之一就是确保他们的决策能够有效地利用资金。因此，对于投资决策，经理考虑适当的项目，将考虑购买非流动资产的过程的开始。此外，对于管理者来说，确保库存水平与生产密切相关或及时收集债务是至关重要的(Kaplan Publishing UK, 2015)。
The main financial objectives are related to wealth maximisation, profit maximisation, and value maximisation. Accordingly, shareholders as usual are interested in wealth maximisation, but they also consider the risk and potential return. The issue arises when directors are looking for their own individual interests, such as remuneration package rather to promote shareholders’ interests. Because of this, managers should pursue financial objectives in the best interest of shareholders by implementing appropriate strategies with long-term, thus creating value for all stakeholders including owners’ wealth (Queen, 2015).
主要的财务目标与财富最大化、利润最大化和价值最大化有关。因此，股东一如既往地对财富最大化感兴趣，但他们也会考虑风险和潜在回报。当董事们追求的是薪酬等个人利益，而不是促进股东利益时，就会出现这个问题。因此，管理者应该通过实施适当的长期战略，从股东的最大利益出发追求财务目标，从而为包括所有者财富在内的所有利益相关者创造价值(Queen, 2015)。
When a business adopts profit maximisation as a financial objective, there can be some potential problems that managers should consider. For instance, if some spending on advertising, R&D or training is reduced, the impact will be good on reported profit but the long-term prospects may be adversely affected and share price will decrease (Queen, 2015).
Another shareholders financial aim is related to company’s equity shares and their value indicates the wealth of the owners. Therefore, the shareholders, as the owners of the business may receive dividends. There is no standard for dividend decisions because they are made based on financial performance and certain activities that company will have in the future. However, a good policy aligns the interest of directors and shareholders by increasing the control of the company in the capital market (Clayman et al., 2012).
另一个股东的财务目的是与公司的股权有关，其价值表明了所有者的财富。因此，股东作为企业的所有者可以获得股息。股利决策没有标准，因为它们是基于公司未来的财务表现和某些活动做出的。然而，一个好的政策通过增加公司在资本市场上的控制来协调董事和股东的利益(Clayman et al.， 2012)。
The role of managers in dividend decision usually implies raising the funds from capital markets to be able financing new projects. This suggests that managers’ incentive may be reduced, therefore Agency theory assumes that retention of earnings motivates directors’ behaviour that does not maximise shareholder wealth (Panda&Leepsa, 2017).
Even though, agency theory is very popular, it is still affected by some limitations. First, the theory considers an agreement between interested parts for unlimited or limited future period where this period of time is uncertain. Second, the theory assumes that the function of shareholders is to monitor managers’ performance but their role is not very well outlined. The third limitation refers to the fact that the theory judges the managers as they just take advantages offered by circumstances and fail to observe their competence (Panda&Leepsa, 2017).
尽管代理理论非常流行，但它仍然受到一些局限性的影响。首先，该理论认为有兴趣的部分之间的协议，无限或有限的未来期间，这段时间是不确定的。其次，该理论假设股东的职能是监督经理人的表现，但他们的角色没有很好地概述。第三个局限性是指，该理论判断管理者只是利用环境提供的优势，而没有观察他们的能力(Panda&Leepsa, 2017)。
As it was mentioned above, the main agency relationship in finance is managers and shareholders. A conflict of interest between them is when managers for instance, do not perform activities for shareholders benefit. Therefore, some mechanisms such managerial compensation can be a way to motivate them for acting in shareholders best interest. This can be done by paying performance bonuses, by getting commission based on residual value making more profit (Panda&Leepsa, 2017).
Macroeconomic policy is managed by government in order to achieve objectives such as: economic growth for improving living standards, price and exchange rates stability for reducing inflation, stable employment, proper distribution of income and wealth and balance of payments equilibrium which relates to ratio between imports and exports (Vernimmen et al., 2017).
宏观经济政策由政府管理，目的是实现以下目标:经济增长有利于提高生活水平，物价和汇率稳定有利于降低通货膨胀，就业稳定，收入和财富合理分配，国际收支平衡与进出口比有关(Vernimmen et al.， 2017)。
The evidence suggests that attainment of all macroeconomic objectives in the same time is not possible because of potential conflicts between them. Thus, the government has to consider identification of policy targets which are regarded as compatible. It has been found that macroeconomic policy has an influence not only on the demand of goods and services but also help a business in planning of investment or employment and likewise the revenue and costs may be affected (Sandbu, 2017).
One important area to be noted is taxation because fiscal policy considers its structure or changes in tax rates and it is evident that for instance a business is affected and should be able to manage well these changes as in labour cost or passing on their customers (Kaplan Publishing UK, 2015).
注意的一个重要领域是税收,因为财政政策考虑其结构或税率的变化很明显,例如业务影响和应该能够管理好这些变化在劳动力成本或传递他们的顾客(卡普兰出版英国,2015)。
The role of fiscal policy is to balance the government budget or influence economy’s level of activity and covers spending, taxation and borrowing. Therefore, the government uses taxes like income tax, corporation tax or VAT to be able to finance the public expenditure (Kaplan Publishing UK, 2015).
Monetary policies are instruments which are established by the central bank to ensure the steady running of the economy. The role of them involves management of overall monetary conditions especially the money supply and the value of money with influence on some essential variable such as the rate of inflation, interest rate, and money supply in order to attain macroeconomic targets (Kremer, 2016).
货币政策是中央银行为保证经济平稳运行而制定的工具。它们的作用包括对整体货币状况的管理，特别是对货币供应量和货币价值的管理，影响一些基本变量，如通货膨胀率、利率和货币供应量，以实现宏观经济目标(Kremer, 2016)。
In particular, when targeting the money supply, it appears that the influence is on the volume of spending money in the economy. This result may involve the prices’ level or the level of growth in the economy. Another choice of variable to operate on can be the rate of interest. This means that governments are able to have an influence on the demand of credit or the volume of money kept in the economy by attempting to determine the level of interest rates (Cloyne & Hürtgen, 2016).
The interest rate is the key variable in making financial decisions about borrowing or saving and it is used to achieve price stability or low inflation. In view of this, lower interest rate will determine an increase of consumption which can lead to higher price and wages. On the other hand, a high interest rate will discourage expenditure, therefore, the level of investments will be affected and the potential of economic growth (Cloyne & Hürtgen, 2016).
利率是金融决策中关于借贷或储蓄的关键变量，它被用来实现价格稳定或低通胀。因此，较低的利率将决定消费的增加，从而导致物价和工资的上涨。另一方面，高利率会抑制支出，因此，投资水平和经济增长潜力将受到影响(Cloyne & Hürtgen, 2016)。
Exchange rate policies have implications on the total demand for services and goods ( AD – aggregate demand) in the economy by affecting the exports and imports. For example, devaluation or decreasing the exchange rate will have essential impact on AD by raising it, which in turn will determine increasing GDP ( Gross Domestic Product) and it also can create jobs (Kremer, 2016).
The role of main macroeconomic policies presented above indicates that is policies are fundamental factors because they can make a significant contribution in achieving macroeconomic targets.
上述主要宏观经济政策的作用表明，政策是基本因素，因为它们可以对实现宏观经济目标作出重大贡献。
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