留学生经济学Essay范文翻译：Overview of Ricardian Trade Theory

本文是经济学专业的留学生Essay范例，题目是“Overview of Ricardian Trade Theory（不同社会经济群体消费模式分析）”，大卫·李嘉图在1817年指出李嘉图模型。不同的国家在生产力和技术上有差异。因此，这些差异会导致比较优势贸易。李嘉图模型主要有两点:首先，不同国家的劳动生产率差异在国际贸易中占有重要地位。其次，贸易模式依赖比较优势，而不是绝对优势。换句话说，根据Evans, H. D(1989)，比较两个国家，一个国家在两种商品的生产上具有绝对优势，另一个国家在另一种商品的生产上处于绝对劣势。假设是:两种商品在两国的生产率不同(一种商品的生产率高于另一种商品的生产率)。优势国在一个优势上取得了比较优势好，劣势国在一个劣势上取得了比较优势好。两国生产各自具有比较优势的商品，同时出口具有比较优势的商品，进口具有比较劣势的商品，两国都能从这种国际贸易中获益。这就是李嘉图比较优势贸易理论的原理。

David Ricardo points out the Ricardian Model in 1817. Different countries had differences in productivity and technology. Hence, those differences would cause comparative advantage trade. There are two mainly points of Ricardian Model; firstly, the different rates of labor productivity between different countries had important position in international trade. Secondly, the model of trade is dependent on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage. On the other words, According to Evans, H. D (1989), comparing two countries, a country had absolute advantage in the production of two goods, and the other on was in absolute inferiority. The assumption is: the two goods had different productivity in both countries (one goods productivity is more efficiency than the other one in a country). The advantage country got comparative advantage in one advantage good, and inferiority country got comparative advantage in one disadvantage good. Both countries produce their comparative advantage goods, moreover, both countries export the comparative advantage good and import comparative disadvantage good, then both countries could got benefits from this international trade. This is the principle of Ricardian comparative advantage trade theory.

As lecture notes point out and Porter,M.E (1998) concluded, the Ricardian Comparative advantage trade theory is based on the assumptions followed: 1, there are only two countries, A and B. 2, both countries are only produced two goods. 3, when the goods were producing, there are different technology between two countries, A and B. Hence the different degrees of technology level affect different productivity and capital. 4, this model only got the goods to goods trade assumption. There is no complicate trading. (Both goods got same price, however the cost of production was not equal). 5, labor market supply was fixed. 6, labour can mobile inside the country, however, is not mobile across countries. 7, in countries, goods and markets are perfect competition. 8, there is no tariff and transportation cost. 9, productivity of labor is fixed. (Means the degree of technology would not increase during trading.)

正如课堂笔记指出的，波特，M。E(1998)总结，李嘉图比较优势贸易理论是基于以下假设:1，只有两个国家，A和B. 2，两个国家都只生产两种商品。3、在商品生产时，A和b两国之间存在着不同的技术，因此技术水平的不同程度影响着不同的生产力和资本。4、该模型只得出了货物对货物交易的假设。没有复杂的交易。(两种商品价格相同，但生产成本不相等)。5、劳动力市场供给稳定。6、劳动力可以在国内流动，但不能在其他国家流动。7、在国家里，商品和市场是完全竞争的。8、没有关税和运输费用。9、劳动生产率是固定的。(意味着在交易过程中技术程度不会增加。)

The theory generally assumes that the relative supplies of these two particular commodities are based on their relative productivity and technology. Hence, every country got varies productivity or technology; the endowments were the factor of their relative the productivity. This theory presented two countries are endowed with different level or degree of the production factors, and the naturally determined endowments, country would follow the endowments to trade the comparative advantage goods to the other one. These affect the two countries international trade more efficient and decrease the cost of capital for both countries. Moreover, with constant productivity, both countries could benefit from the free international trade even one country is in absolute disadvantage. Takumi Naito (2012) concluded the Ricardian model of trade and growth. He concluded from the assumption and gets one results: if two countries got larger comparative advantage, the benefit for both countries are getting huger. We can easily contact the relationship between advance country and developing country. With the simple example, United Kingdom and India trade with the grains and textile during the law of comparative advantage coming out. Hence, the textile production in UK requires less labour hours required in the grains producing: UK got the comparative in producing cheese. Same as India, India has comparative advantage producing grains. Therefore, there are gain from international trade if UK product the textile and India product grains. The Ricardian Model really proved UK free international trade in grains.

该理论通常假设这两种特定商品的相对供给是基于它们的相对生产力和技术。因此，每个国家都有不同的生产力或技术;禀赋是影响其相对生产力的因素。该理论认为两个国家具有不同的生产要素水平或程度，在自然决定的禀赋下，国家会根据禀赋与另一个国家进行比较优势商品的交易。这些影响了两国的国际贸易效率，降低了两国的资金成本。此外，随着生产率的不断提高，两国都可以从自由的国际贸易中获益，即使有一个国家处于绝对劣势。Takumi Naito(2012)总结了贸易与增长的李嘉图模型。他从这个假设中得出了一个结论:如果两个国家获得了更大的比较优势，那么两国的利益就会更大。我们可以很容易地了解发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系。以一个简单的例子，英国和印度在比较优势定律下与粮食和纺织品的贸易就显现出来。因此，英国的纺织生产在谷物生产中需要更少的劳动时间:英国在生产奶酪方面得到了比较。和印度一样，印度在粮食生产上也有比较优势。因此，如果英国生产纺织品，印度生产粮食，就会从国际贸易中获益。李嘉图模型证明了英国的粮食自由国际贸易。

Under those assumptions, Ricardian model ignores many product factors besides labor. David Ricardo explained the reason of international trade under different efficient of labor production. There are huge advantages for developing the international trade with this classic model. Firstly, this model comes from the law of comparative advantage, and help the United Kingdom got the solution to the grain crisis from 1815. Secondly, although Ricardian Model only showed its pedagogical importance, the classical emphasis on different productivity and the cost of labor has been utilized by the neoclassical focus on factor endowments. (Stephen S.G, 2000) thirdly, older tests, such as MacDougall, 1951 and Stern, 1962 were highly successful. Hence, it is valuable for us to know how this basic pedagogical model performs empirically with the large recent data.

The empirical Validity of the Model and the Relevance of the Empirical Work模型的实证有效性和实证工作的相关性

In these parts, this paper would show the strengths and weaknesses of Ricardian Model, from the points of empirical. The core meaning as mention before: follow the law of comparative advantage; the country would to do specialized production for only one goods which is comparative advantage good. We cannot reject this theory points with the literature evidence; however, we could prove some empirical evidence to discuss the advantage and disadvantage for the international trade.

在这些部分，本文将从实证的角度说明李嘉图模型的优缺点。其核心含义是:遵循比较利益规律;国家只会对一种商品进行专业化生产这是比较优势商品。我们不能用文献证据来否定这一理论;然而，我们可以证明一些经验证据来讨论国际贸易的利弊。

Basic Ricardian Model基本李嘉图的模型

The Ricardian Model focus on the technology and labour productivity. As the comparative advantage theory mentioned, the labour costs also is the important elements of this model. Now, based on the research of Stephen S.G (2000) we represent ‘Aa’ to the labor requirements of every single unit in country a, and ‘Qa’ is the value-added in country a. represent the ‘La’ as the labour employment in country a:

李嘉图模型关注的是技术和劳动生产率。正如比较优势理论所提到的，劳动力成本也是该模型的重要组成部分。现在，根据Stephen S.G(2000)的研究，我们用“Aa”表示a国每一个单位的劳动需求，用“Qa”表示a国的附加值，用“La”表示a国的劳动就业:

We can see easily, the Aa is unit labor requirements, that means the value of Aa get higher, the productivity of country a getting lower. Hence, the main points of ricardian model are increasing total productivity of whole country, the Aa needed to lower. Coming from the assumption of Ricardian Model, the labour is fixed and not crosses to the other country. Therefore, the La is fixed, we keep the La constant. So, the productivity is dependent on the totally value-added Qa. Hence, we can conclude: Ricardian Model would success, there would be a huge enough different productivity between two countries. Or there would not gain from the free trade.

We could also use b to represent the country b. hence, Ab, Lb, and Qb are all represent same means in country b. as the labour cost we can defined as the Ca and Cb. Then, Wa and Wb represent as the wage of employees in countries a and b. we assume the exchange rate between a and b is 1:1. We use ‘Rab’ as the rate of Ca and Cb. The function can be showed:

我们也可以用b来代表国家b，因此Ab, Lb和Qb在国家b都代表相同的手段，我们可以定义为Ca和Cb的劳动力成本。然后，Wa和Wb代表a国和b国雇员的工资。我们假设a国和b国的汇率是1:1。我们用Rab表示Ca和Cb的速率。函数如下所示:

We can see, if Rab smaller than 1, that means country a cost lower than country b, country a got comparative advantage good that should export goods. If Rab bigger than 1, that means country a should import goods. (All the functions are all represent one same good between two countries) From this function, we can see one possible: Rab is equal to 1. Hence, there is no comparative advantage between country a and b (the absolute advantage country got same rate in both goods with the absolute disadvantage country), which means, there is equal disadvantage and equal advantage. This is one of the disadvantages of Ricartian Model.

Empirical work of Ricardian Model李嘉图模型的实证工作

With the basic Ricardian Model, we could learn from the empirical studies to find out the strengths and weaknesses. First of all, this paper would discuss the empirical theory from MacDougall (1951). This case study used the ratio of US exports to UK exports. The dependent variable can be presented as both exports. And he used the productivity as the main independent variable. He used the total exports between US and UK. He collected 25 industries from UK and US in 1937. With his findings, he set the hypothesis: the wage rate is the same level as the labour productivity between US and UK. He used the 1937 data; those data showed US wage rate is double to UK wage rate. And we can follow the function in top; there is same reason that US got the comparative advantage in exports. Then he used the simple measures, he found the results that 20 of the 25 products follow the ratio. There are bigger than one. Hence the results are support the Ricardian Model.

有了基本的李嘉图模型，我们可以从实证研究中找出优势和劣势。首先，本文将讨论MacDougall(1951)的实证理论。本案例研究使用了美国出口对英国出口的比率。因变量可以表示为两个出口。他把生产率作为主要的自变量。他用的是美国和英国之间的出口总额。1937年，他从英国和美国收集了25个行业。根据他的发现，他设定了一个假设:工资率与美国和英国之间的劳动生产率水平相同。他使用了1937年的数据;这些数据显示，美国的工资水平是英国的两倍。我们可以遵循上面的函数;美国在出口方面获得比较优势也是出于同样的原因。然后他用简单的方法，他发现25种产品中有20种符合这个比例。有比一个大的。结果支持李嘉图模型。

Secondly, the case study of Stern (1962) same as MacDougall, they both compare the totally exports between US and UK during different periods. And both used the productivity as the main independent variable. The results is 33 of the 39 sectors follow this ratios, as same as results of MacDougall could support for Ricardian Model. Thirdly, case study of Balassa (1963) points out the bilateral trade from UK and US to the third markets. Different with Stern and MacDougall, he relative both labor cost and productivity as explanatory variable. With the bilateral trade, there are three characteristics: speed fast, huger scope and sustainable sequencing. With the Song (1996) points out, there are some problem between the Balassa studies, which is the transportation cost and the tariffs. Under the developing countries, there are huge different between the tariffs and transportation cost. The only way is to fix the free trade strategy to bilateral trade. tariffs and transportation cost are against the assumption of Ricardian Model. With the bilateral trade, Balassa chose the data from 1950 to post 1970. As the results, this is also can prove the prediction of Ricardian Model. Although the bilateral trade is following the comparative advantage, this paper would use the overall export ratio of Stephen (2000) as in MacDougall and Stern. The radio is exports to third markets. Stehen choose 39 manufacturing sectors from 1970 to 1990. He got the database from OECD Structural Analysis Industrial (STAN) and Bilateral Trade (BT). Figure one and two are showed. He collected the purchasing-power-parity (PPPs) exchange rate. There are three PPPs shows on second Figure, frist is common PPPs, Second is sector-specific final expenditure PPPs from ICP, and last is sector-specific manufacturing PPPs from ICOP projects. (Stephen S.G ,2000).

其次，Stern(1962)的案例研究和MacDougall一样，都比较了不同时期美国和英国的出口总额。两者都将生产率作为主要的自变量。结果是，39个行业中有33个行业符合这一比率，与麦克杜格尔的结果可以支持李嘉图模型一样。第三，Balassa(1963)的案例研究指出了英国和美国对第三方市场的双边贸易。与斯特恩和麦克杜格尔不同的是，他将劳动力成本和生产率都作为解释变量。双边贸易具有速度快、规模大、可持续排序三大特点。宋(1996)指出，在Balassa研究之间存在一些问题，即运输成本和关税。在发展中国家，关税和运输成本之间存在着巨大的差异。唯一的办法是把自由贸易战略固定在双边贸易上。关税和运输成本与李嘉图模型的假设相违背。对于双边贸易，巴拉萨选择了1950年至1970年后的数据。作为结果，这也可以证明李嘉图模型的预测。虽然双边贸易遵循比较优势，但本文将使用Stephen(2000)在MacDougall和Stern中的总体出口比率。收音机出口到第三国市场。Stehen选择了从1970年到1990年的39个制造业部门。他从OECD结构分析产业(STAN)和双边贸易(BT)得到了数据库。如图1和图2所示。他收集了购买力平价(PPPs)汇率。第二幅图中有三个ppp显示，第一个是普通ppp，第二个是来自ICP的部门特定最终支出ppp，最后是来自ICOP项目的部门特定制造ppp。(Stephen S.G, 2000)。

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