代写英国essay：British colonial policy
10-30, 2018
导读：这是一篇英国essay范文，讨论了英国的殖民政策。近代殖民主义主要表现为殖民侵略，殖民侵略是西方资本主义发展的海外延伸，是资本主义世界扩张的必然产物。英国是世界上最典型的殖民国家，由于英国对于殖民地的统治具有很强的利己性，所以其统治势必会遭到殖民地人民的反抗，所以到二战之后，英国在世界各地的殖民地纷纷解放成为独立的国家。至此，英国的殖民体系瓦解，但是殖民地的独立时间并不是整齐划一的。
In the early 17th century, the Atlantic coast of North America and India became British colonies almost at the same time. North America relatively early got rid of the British colonial rule on the road of independent development. India, though eventually emerging on the world stage as an independent sovereign state, has been subject to British colonial rule for three and a half centuries. This article will discuss the reason of this difference from the Angle of British colonial policy.
在17世纪初，北美洲和印度的大西洋沿岸几乎同时成为英国殖民地。北美相对较早地摆脱了英国殖民统治的自主发展道路。尽管印度最终作为一个独立的主权国家出现在世界舞台上，但它已经受到英国殖民统治三个半世纪的制约。本文将从英国殖民政策的角度讨论这种差异的原因。
Modern colonialism has been a phenomenon since the great geographical discovery, which is mainly manifested as colonial aggression. Colonial aggression is an overseas extension of the development of western capitalism and an inevitable outcome of the expansion of the capitalist world. The policy of colonial rule serves the capitalist development of colonial countries. Colonial countries adopted different policies at different times and in different colonies. However, no matter what kind of policies the colonial countries adopted, they were inseparable, that is, in order to make the colonies into their own sales markets and raw material producing areas to the maximum extent. Britain is the most typical colonial country in the world.
现代殖民主义是地理发现以来的一种现象，主要表现为殖民侵略。殖民侵略是西方资本主义发展的海外延伸，是资本主义世界扩张的必然结果。殖民统治政策为殖民地国家的资本主义发展服务。殖民地国家在不同时期和不同殖民地采取不同的政策。但是，无论殖民地国家采取何种政策，它们都是不可分割的，即为了使殖民地最大限度地进入自己的销售市场和原料产地。英国是世界上最典型的殖民地国家。
Since the end of the 15th century, Britain has gone to the sea for exploration. In the second half of the 16th century, Britain began to open up new routes. In the first half of the 17th century, British overseas expansion gradually developed into organized overseas settlement and colonization activities. In the 18th century, after a series of colonial wars, Britain established a large colonial empire system.#p#分页标题#e#
As the British had a strong egoism for the colonial rule, its rule was bound to be opposed by the colonial people. Therefore, after World War II, the British colonies all over the world were liberated and became independent countries. The British colonial system collapsed. But the time of independence was not uniform. The development of a country is naturally determined by many factors, and to a large extent by internal factors, but the centuries of British rule could not but have a significant impact on the colonies. Therefore, Britain's different ruling policies in various colonies were an important reason for the earlier or later independence of the colonies. This article will take the United States and India as examples to illustrate this point.
India is an ancient feudal country in South Asia. Since 1526, under the feudal rule of the mughal dynasty, India has been conquered by foreign forces for many times. Its culture is extremely inclusive. In 1600, the east India company began to operate in India and gained a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade. Since then, the east India company has gained the establishment of a military, war, peace, territory and other privileges. The company's conquest of India began with the capture of Bengal in 1757 and ended with the annexation of punjab in 1849. In 1858, the queen of England formally took over India. In this way, India, with a population of 100 million people, was completely colonized by Britain. The Indian people went through a hard struggle, and it was not until 1947 that India became the self-governing territory of Britain under the mountbatten scheme that it officially achieved independence.
However, the north American colonies were different from the Indian colonies, which were gradually built by the British through the conquest of feudal countries, and the north American colonies were gradually developed by the British in the desolate American continent. North America was established in 1607 first colony, into the north American colonies development period, here have set up 13 colony, colony in the very great degree to transplant the original political and economic system, by 1763, the north American colonies and home country relations soured, colonies through the war of independence achieved full independence in 1789, today, the United States after two hundred years of development, has become the most powerful country in the world.
Through the study of North America and India, it is not difficult to find that Britain, as the mother country or the suzerain country, adopted different colonial policies to the two colonies. There are several different types of colonies in history. The first is an overseas colony formed entirely by the out-migration of the mother country's population, which is not only derived from the same source of residents and the mother country's population, but also in terms of political management is in line with the mother country, which is an extension of the territory and sovereignty of the mother country. The second kind is a colony established by a state to subjugate other sovereign entities, where the uplifters rule directly or use the upper echelons of the conquered to achieve suzerain interests. This approach is often backed by force. The third kind is the colony between the two, which has the mechanism of dominating the conquered, and the colonization of the population from the home country. America belongs to the first type of colony, which is an immigrant colony, while India belongs to the second type of non-immigrant colony. Generally speaking, British colonial policies towards India and the United States are not unchanging, but changing with different historical development stages. The difference, however, is that policy towards India is first lenient and policy towards America is first lenient and then strict.#p#分页标题#e#
The British ruling policy on India is as follows:
In the first place, India was conquered by the corporation, and under the prerogative of the king and parliament of England, the colony of the corporation, ruled by the corporation. So after the conquest of Bangladesh, it was up to the company to establish power. The board of directors in London became the highest authority in India, exercising its powers from the formulation of policy to the appointment of civil and military officials, and the government of India was its executive body. Thus, in politics, the most prominent feature of the British colonial policy was the establishment of the principle that the British monopolized all office. This principle was confirmed in the company charter act passed by parliament in 1793. The bill stipulates that in India all civil service positions below the rank of counsellor must be held by corporate contractual civil servants. The indentured civil servants were the children of the aristocracy sent from England by sensible men, who had come to make their fortunes in order to get a promotion, with great ambitions, little knowledge, and no knowledge of India. So imagine the extreme tyranny of the company's early regime. It was not until 1806 that the board of directors, under pressure from public opinion, established haley's college in England as a training base for Indian civil servants, whose quality had changed somewhat.
In the judicial system, racial discrimination has to start from the beginning. Cases involving Englishmen can only be heard in the high court, and wherever there is a case against a Briton, it goes to the regional capital. This would be costly and unaffordable for the average person, providing an umbrella for some colonialists to run amok. Corruption is so prevalent in litigation that a case usually takes years to resolve.
In economy, naked plunder is its main feature. Once in power, the east India company was eager to exploit it. In this respect his greed and brutality dwarfed the Portuguese who ran amok on the coast of malaba. The British east India company's early plunder in India is most typical of the primitive accumulation of commercial capital in the colonial brutal plunder. The whole of India has been battered to varying degrees. It has brought great disaster to India.
These are the early policies of the British east India company in India, reflecting the naked plunder of the primitive accumulation of capital. In the future, Britain made a series of adjustments to adapt to the development of new forms. Two of the more typical adjustments were made in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when British capitalism developed from the primary stage to the stage of liberal capitalism, in order to make the Indian colonies more adapted to the needs of British industrial development. In this adjustment, the exclusion of Indians was relatively relaxed, a byproduct of free competition. The second time was in 1858, after the British crown took over. The aim was to consolidate political rule over India, focusing on the further centralization and strengthening of the colonial state machine and, through various means, beginning to co-opt the upper echelons of Indian society to serve it. In this way, the colonists quickly allied with the feudal forces and the bourgeois intelligentsia, which separated the upper and lower classes from the upper and lower classes in Indian society, reduced the possibility of the outbreak of various classes' joint uprising in India, and consolidated their own rule.#p#分页标题#e#
In conclusion, the outside can be seen that the UK is a high pressure in colonial India's overall policy, closed, limited, the policy make Britain firmly grasp the control of the colonial India strictly before they are wide way satisfy the Indians in the stage of "victory", which to a large extent delayed their uprising and independent of time, until after the second world war, all the colonies were independent, national liberation is the trend of The Times, India gained independence finally.
The United States did not, and it was British coercion that eventually led to the American revolution.
In the process of the establishment of the north American colonies, the British government, though seldom directly contributed money or efforts, held the power over the colonies in its own hands through charters. According to charters and other documents, the British colonies were "legal and political entities" or "permanent political entities and corporate bodies" created by the king of England. That is to say, the colonies were on the one hand an economic organization serving the economic purposes of private or corporate individuals; On the other hand, it is also a political society, which has the legal power to exercise political rule, which comes from the grant of the king of England. A colony is not a possession of all the English people, but a possession of the king as much as the British mainland. Subject to the rule of the king, both politically and legally. From this definition, the colonies established, in accordance with the British system of government and customs, a government consisting of a governor, a council, and a court of elected parliament. The governor-general represents the king, the councillor represents the wealthy elite, and the house of Commons represents the people. It can be seen that each colonial government is formally corresponding to the British government, and its autonomy and integrity are higher than the British local political units. In the way of managing overseas territories, Britain established a system of control over the colonies, which required that the laws made by the colonies should conform to the laws and customs of the country of origin.
The above nature of the colony gave the colonists political and legal status: they were British subjects like the natives, enjoying all the privileges and immunities of British nationals, and were free to return to their homeland. And not only do British immigrants and their descendants enjoy the rights and equal protection of British subjects, but so do non-British immigrants and their descendants.
It can be seen that the colonies of British North America and European countries in Asia and Africa are fundamentally different. They are overseas colonies established by the British, settled by the British and ruled by the British. In theory, the word "colony" means attachment, which cannot legally and politically enjoy the same status as the home country. In fact, the north American colonies were fully developed under the protection of their home country, and the natives Shared a large portion of their dominion. Britain did not have a strong standing army in North America in peacetime. The recognition and obedience of the colonists to the sovereignty of the king was not the result of coercion or deterrence, but the result of voluntary and voluntary choice.#p#分页标题#e#
That is to say, Britain's colonial policy was generally negative. Its purpose was to prevent the colonies from losing their loyalty and attachment to their mother country, and to protect the colonies from being attacked by other colonial countries and Indians in Europe, rather than to regulate their social development path. As a result, the British had little intervention in the internal affairs of North America, which gave the colonists a lot of room for independent development. This led to the strengthening of the colonial capacity for self-government.
Since the mid-17th century, the British government has been seeking to effectively manage and control the north American colonies, but failed to find a proper way. Its management system and process are full of loopholes and disadvantages. During the seven years' war, the system's flaws became more apparent, prompting Britain to commit itself to reform. Ironically, this policy adjustment for the purpose of strengthening colonial rule opened the prelude of the colonial independence movement. After seven years of war, the British rulers enacted policies that prohibited colonists from moving west to the Appalachian mountains, stationing troops, and levying taxes. The colony revolted.
In a word, different British policies in the colonies resulted in different periods of rule in the colonies. Strict policies imprisoned the development of the country, while tolerant policies encouraged the development of the colonies. From this, we can see that the policy tolerance of the rulers, whether in politics, economy or culture, will generally promote the development of the society, otherwise, it will inhibit the progress of the society. This is still enlightening to all countries in the world today.
In the early 17th century, the Atlantic coast of North America and India became British colonies almost at the same time. North America relatively early got rid of the British colonial rule on the road of independent development. India, though eventually emerging on the world stage as an independent sovereign state, has been subject to British colonial rule for three and a half centuries. This article will discuss the reason of this difference from the Angle of British colonial policy.
在17世纪初，北美洲和印度的大西洋沿岸几乎同时成为英国殖民地。北美相对较早地摆脱了英国殖民统治的自主发展道路。尽管印度最终作为一个独立的主权国家出现在世界舞台上，但它已经受到英国殖民统治三个半世纪的制约。本文将从英国殖民政策的角度讨论这种差异的原因。
Modern colonialism has been a phenomenon since the great geographical discovery, which is mainly manifested as colonial aggression. Colonial aggression is an overseas extension of the development of western capitalism and an inevitable outcome of the expansion of the capitalist world. The policy of colonial rule serves the capitalist development of colonial countries. Colonial countries adopted different policies at different times and in different colonies. However, no matter what kind of policies the colonial countries adopted, they were inseparable, that is, in order to make the colonies into their own sales markets and raw material producing areas to the maximum extent. Britain is the most typical colonial country in the world.
现代殖民主义是地理发现以来的一种现象，主要表现为殖民侵略。殖民侵略是西方资本主义发展的海外延伸，是资本主义世界扩张的必然结果。殖民统治政策为殖民地国家的资本主义发展服务。殖民地国家在不同时期和不同殖民地采取不同的政策。但是，无论殖民地国家采取何种政策，它们都是不可分割的，即为了使殖民地最大限度地进入自己的销售市场和原料产地。英国是世界上最典型的殖民地国家。
Since the end of the 15th century, Britain has gone to the sea for exploration. In the second half of the 16th century, Britain began to open up new routes. In the first half of the 17th century, British overseas expansion gradually developed into organized overseas settlement and colonization activities. In the 18th century, after a series of colonial wars, Britain established a large colonial empire system.#p#分页标题#e#
As the British had a strong egoism for the colonial rule, its rule was bound to be opposed by the colonial people. Therefore, after World War II, the British colonies all over the world were liberated and became independent countries. The British colonial system collapsed. But the time of independence was not uniform. The development of a country is naturally determined by many factors, and to a large extent by internal factors, but the centuries of British rule could not but have a significant impact on the colonies. Therefore, Britain's different ruling policies in various colonies were an important reason for the earlier or later independence of the colonies. This article will take the United States and India as examples to illustrate this point.
India is an ancient feudal country in South Asia. Since 1526, under the feudal rule of the mughal dynasty, India has been conquered by foreign forces for many times. Its culture is extremely inclusive. In 1600, the east India company began to operate in India and gained a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade. Since then, the east India company has gained the establishment of a military, war, peace, territory and other privileges. The company's conquest of India began with the capture of Bengal in 1757 and ended with the annexation of punjab in 1849. In 1858, the queen of England formally took over India. In this way, India, with a population of 100 million people, was completely colonized by Britain. The Indian people went through a hard struggle, and it was not until 1947 that India became the self-governing territory of Britain under the mountbatten scheme that it officially achieved independence.
However, the north American colonies were different from the Indian colonies, which were gradually built by the British through the conquest of feudal countries, and the north American colonies were gradually developed by the British in the desolate American continent. North America was established in 1607 first colony, into the north American colonies development period, here have set up 13 colony, colony in the very great degree to transplant the original political and economic system, by 1763, the north American colonies and home country relations soured, colonies through the war of independence achieved full independence in 1789, today, the United States after two hundred years of development, has become the most powerful country in the world.
Through the study of North America and India, it is not difficult to find that Britain, as the mother country or the suzerain country, adopted different colonial policies to the two colonies. There are several different types of colonies in history. The first is an overseas colony formed entirely by the out-migration of the mother country's population, which is not only derived from the same source of residents and the mother country's population, but also in terms of political management is in line with the mother country, which is an extension of the territory and sovereignty of the mother country. The second kind is a colony established by a state to subjugate other sovereign entities, where the uplifters rule directly or use the upper echelons of the conquered to achieve suzerain interests. This approach is often backed by force. The third kind is the colony between the two, which has the mechanism of dominating the conquered, and the colonization of the population from the home country. America belongs to the first type of colony, which is an immigrant colony, while India belongs to the second type of non-immigrant colony. Generally speaking, British colonial policies towards India and the United States are not unchanging, but changing with different historical development stages. The difference, however, is that policy towards India is first lenient and policy towards America is first lenient and then strict.#p#分页标题#e#
The British ruling policy on India is as follows:
In the first place, India was conquered by the corporation, and under the prerogative of the king and parliament of England, the colony of the corporation, ruled by the corporation. So after the conquest of Bangladesh, it was up to the company to establish power. The board of directors in London became the highest authority in India, exercising its powers from the formulation of policy to the appointment of civil and military officials, and the government of India was its executive body. Thus, in politics, the most prominent feature of the British colonial policy was the establishment of the principle that the British monopolized all office. This principle was confirmed in the company charter act passed by parliament in 1793. The bill stipulates that in India all civil service positions below the rank of counsellor must be held by corporate contractual civil servants. The indentured civil servants were the children of the aristocracy sent from England by sensible men, who had come to make their fortunes in order to get a promotion, with great ambitions, little knowledge, and no knowledge of India. So imagine the extreme tyranny of the company's early regime. It was not until 1806 that the board of directors, under pressure from public opinion, established haley's college in England as a training base for Indian civil servants, whose quality had changed somewhat.
In the judicial system, racial discrimination has to start from the beginning. Cases involving Englishmen can only be heard in the high court, and wherever there is a case against a Briton, it goes to the regional capital. This would be costly and unaffordable for the average person, providing an umbrella for some colonialists to run amok. Corruption is so prevalent in litigation that a case usually takes years to resolve.
In economy, naked plunder is its main feature. Once in power, the east India company was eager to exploit it. In this respect his greed and brutality dwarfed the Portuguese who ran amok on the coast of malaba. The British east India company's early plunder in India is most typical of the primitive accumulation of commercial capital in the colonial brutal plunder. The whole of India has been battered to varying degrees. It has brought great disaster to India.
These are the early policies of the British east India company in India, reflecting the naked plunder of the primitive accumulation of capital. In the future, Britain made a series of adjustments to adapt to the development of new forms. Two of the more typical adjustments were made in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when British capitalism developed from the primary stage to the stage of liberal capitalism, in order to make the Indian colonies more adapted to the needs of British industrial development. In this adjustment, the exclusion of Indians was relatively relaxed, a byproduct of free competition. The second time was in 1858, after the British crown took over. The aim was to consolidate political rule over India, focusing on the further centralization and strengthening of the colonial state machine and, through various means, beginning to co-opt the upper echelons of Indian society to serve it. In this way, the colonists quickly allied with the feudal forces and the bourgeois intelligentsia, which separated the upper and lower classes from the upper and lower classes in Indian society, reduced the possibility of the outbreak of various classes' joint uprising in India, and consolidated their own rule.#p#分页标题#e#
In conclusion, the outside can be seen that the UK is a high pressure in colonial India's overall policy, closed, limited, the policy make Britain firmly grasp the control of the colonial India strictly before they are wide way satisfy the Indians in the stage of "victory", which to a large extent delayed their uprising and independent of time, until after the second world war, all the colonies were independent, national liberation is the trend of The Times, India gained independence finally.
The United States did not, and it was British coercion that eventually led to the American revolution.
In the process of the establishment of the north American colonies, the British government, though seldom directly contributed money or efforts, held the power over the colonies in its own hands through charters. According to charters and other documents, the British colonies were "legal and political entities" or "permanent political entities and corporate bodies" created by the king of England. That is to say, the colonies were on the one hand an economic organization serving the economic purposes of private or corporate individuals; On the other hand, it is also a political society, which has the legal power to exercise political rule, which comes from the grant of the king of England. A colony is not a possession of all the English people, but a possession of the king as much as the British mainland. Subject to the rule of the king, both politically and legally. From this definition, the colonies established, in accordance with the British system of government and customs, a government consisting of a governor, a council, and a court of elected parliament. The governor-general represents the king, the councillor represents the wealthy elite, and the house of Commons represents the people. It can be seen that each colonial government is formally corresponding to the British government, and its autonomy and integrity are higher than the British local political units. In the way of managing overseas territories, Britain established a system of control over the colonies, which required that the laws made by the colonies should conform to the laws and customs of the country of origin.
The above nature of the colony gave the colonists political and legal status: they were British subjects like the natives, enjoying all the privileges and immunities of British nationals, and were free to return to their homeland. And not only do British immigrants and their descendants enjoy the rights and equal protection of British subjects, but so do non-British immigrants and their descendants.
It can be seen that the colonies of British North America and European countries in Asia and Africa are fundamentally different. They are overseas colonies established by the British, settled by the British and ruled by the British. In theory, the word "colony" means attachment, which cannot legally and politically enjoy the same status as the home country. In fact, the north American colonies were fully developed under the protection of their home country, and the natives Shared a large portion of their dominion. Britain did not have a strong standing army in North America in peacetime. The recognition and obedience of the colonists to the sovereignty of the king was not the result of coercion or deterrence, but the result of voluntary and voluntary choice.#p#分页标题#e#
That is to say, Britain's colonial policy was generally negative. Its purpose was to prevent the colonies from losing their loyalty and attachment to their mother country, and to protect the colonies from being attacked by other colonial countries and Indians in Europe, rather than to regulate their social development path. As a result, the British had little intervention in the internal affairs of North America, which gave the colonists a lot of room for independent development. This led to the strengthening of the colonial capacity for self-government.
Since the mid-17th century, the British government has been seeking to effectively manage and control the north American colonies, but failed to find a proper way. Its management system and process are full of loopholes and disadvantages. During the seven years' war, the system's flaws became more apparent, prompting Britain to commit itself to reform. Ironically, this policy adjustment for the purpose of strengthening colonial rule opened the prelude of the colonial independence movement. After seven years of war, the British rulers enacted policies that prohibited colonists from moving west to the Appalachian mountains, stationing troops, and levying taxes. The colony revolted.
In a word, different British policies in the colonies resulted in different periods of rule in the colonies. Strict policies imprisoned the development of the country, while tolerant policies encouraged the development of the colonies. From this, we can see that the policy tolerance of the rulers, whether in politics, economy or culture, will generally promote the development of the society, otherwise, it will inhibit the progress of the society. This is still enlightening to all countries in the world today.
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