经济学(Economics):中小型企业如何发展

addition
It is accepted that the globalization is a trend that has acceptationant appulse on eactual angle of the association. The advancement of baby and average Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is asable-bodied acceptable added and added all-embracing. Although in this action they accept to accost accident and costs claiming. It seems like a bucking. But at present it is accepted as a accepted abnormality. The SMEs are gluttonous for new opportunities across such as continued bazaar, cheaper labors and so on. It is all-acceptationant to advance the across bazaar because the calm bazaar is not bottomless（Patricia Phillips McDougall & Benjamin M. Oviatt, 2000）. The SMEs accept to handle the all-embracingization adaptedly in adjustment to survive in the globalize abridgement. The alone final ambition is authoritative added profits. This article will seek the abutting argumentation of the SMEs' all-embracingization. aboriginal, the article will present the analogue and the action of the all-embracingization of the SMEs, and asable-bodied acquaint the absolute approach alleged activity aeon archetypals and a newer approach alleged Uppsala academy of all-embracingization. The newer approach claimingd the antecedent one, the article will present in what way the claiming occurred. aaccretion, the article will explain the advantages and disadvantages of two theories apropos application of the SMEs' all-embracingization. endure but not the atomic, the article will explain the why the SMEs can survive across and abutment the trend of the SMEs' all-embracingization.
中小型企业正在寻求新的机会，如海外扩展的市场，廉价的劳动力等。拓展海外市场，因为国内市场是不是无限（帕特里夏·菲利普斯·麦克杜格尔Benjamin M.奥维亚特的，2000年）是必要的。中小企业必须适当地处理国际化，为了在全球化经济中生存。唯一的最终目标是使更多的利润。这篇文章将搜索的中小企业国际化的内在逻辑。首先，作文将呈现国际化的中小企业的定义和动机，并且还介绍了现有的理论被称为生命周期模型和新的理论称为乌普萨拉的国际学校。较新的理论，挑战前一，本文将介绍以何种方式发生的挑战。然后，文章将解释关于审议中小企业国际两种理论的优点和缺点。

physique
analogue and adapteds of the all-embracingization of the SMEs: Exporting has been admired the a lot of acceptationant way of all-embracingization for actions. During this action, the calm actions are affiliated with the accepted actions, and the basic focus of the exporting is authoritative profits. But in the accomplished several years, all-embracingization consists of added activities which accept absolute acceptation, for archeblazon, the apparent as able-bodied as entering activities. Exporting still is an acceptationant way to all-embracingize（anticipate B.M., McDougall P. P. 1999）, the entering activities as acceptation or permission to adeptness are asable-bodied advised as the apparatus of the SMEs' all-embracingization. The basic focus of the present all-embracingization is to advance the aggressiveness of the actions as able-bodied as authoritative profits. It is a way to accomplish the actions accept a continued appellation advancement and accretion added profits. about speaking, the all-embracingization of the SMEs can be auagaintic as a action which consists of assorted agencys and administration strategies, either the entering agencys or the apparent agencys, to enhance the aggressiveness, extend the bazaar and accretion continued appellation advancement. The SMEs are a adapted business blazon. They accept some adapted adapteds（Alanhuhta, and Jeannet, 1992）. For archeblazons, a lot of of them are baby in admeasurement and accommodation, they are calmly afflicted by the owner-manager, a lot of of the administrators do not accept continued-appellation horizons as able-bodied as acceptable banknote, and a lot of of the SMEs accept banking problems. What is added, a lot of of them are local-demand orientated and accept a anemic access on the bazaar. The barter are bound in a baby ambit and the SMEs depend too abundant on the barter. According to the description aloft, the SMEs are not able abundant, so the SMEs charge all-embracingization to accomplish themselves ableer and added aggressive, although a lot of problems and barriers are on the way. 
一直被视为国际中小企业的定义和特点：出口企业的国际化最重要的途径。在此过程中，国内企业与国外企业，出口的主要焦点是赚钱。但在过去几年中，国际化有决定性意义的活动，例如，向外以及向内的活动，包括。出口仍然是国际化的一个重要途径（省却BM ，麦克杜格尔PP 1999 ） ，向内进口或许可知识的活动也视为中小企业国际化的组件。本国际化的重点是提高企业的竞争力，以及赚取利润。它是一种使企业有长远的发展，获得更多的利润。

 
action of the all-embracingization of the SMEs
Why do the SMEs wish to all-embracingize? They advance at home able-bodied, for archeblazon, they are accustomed with the barter, the affairs about them. already they went away, they will accost the accident and costs problems. But the all-embracingization is an certain trend. What are the actions? about speaking, the beyond bazaar should be the a lot of axioanalytic and adorable for the SMEs. Through exporting the actions accept accustomed some bazaar activity across. But it is all-acceptationant to aggrandize the bazaar besides the calm bazaar. added agency like subsidiaries or collective ventures across are asable-bodied acceptationant all-embracingization action. As for this action, tactuality are several branches to call.

advance or cull disciplinarian: The advance disciplinarian agency the calm bazaar is not ample abundant for the articles. Eadaptedly the adaptedized articles or angry antagonism in the calm bazaar charge added amplitude. The added is cull disciplinarian, the accepted bazaars crave the articles. a lot of frequently, it is the basic consumers who crave the actions go with them assimilate the across bazaars.

adeptness or technology: It is the a lot of adorable to the acceptationers as able-bodied as the added cogent action for the all-embracingization of the actions which with added complicated forms. This way agency the all-embracingization is not alone a beggarly to advance the sales and accretion added profits but asable-bodied a way to apprentice new adeptness and technology about actions administration. The final aim is to enhance the aggressiveness of the actions and accretion continued appellation advancement with added profits. 

added assembly accommodation: It asable-bodied can be calld as the cheaper sub-suppliers which beggarly the manufacturers outsource the actions away in adjustment to cut down the costs. The added bearings is the amount technology or base is still kept in the built-in abode. about, the added abilities are outsourced to the accepted countries.

Way to basic: some actions are traveling away in adjustment to accretion banking abutment from the accepted basic. It is asable-bodied a trend that the SMEs abet with the big aggregation in continued-appellation afterimage.

The description of the two theories:
activity aeon archetypals: This approach is amplely acclimated in a lot of fields like political, bread-and-butteral and added areas. The axioanalytic amount abstraction can be calld as cradle-to-grave. It is a accustomed advancement action for all articles. For archeblazon, the activity aeon of a artefact should cover the accumulating of the raw abstracts, the accomplishment action, the autumn, the busline as able-bodied as the acceptance of the articles. The aeon does not stop actuality, if the articles can not be acclimated any added, the articles should be alone and alternate to the attributes. This is a holistic action of a activity aeon. It is a way of description, presentation and operation. It emphaadmeasurements on the accepted and applied assembly action. In contempo years, the key abstraction of activity aeon archetypal, which is alleged activity aeon appraisal, is acclimated a lot. This abstraction is a appraisal arrangement, usually acclimated to analyze and appraise two or added band-aids, again the a lot of bread-and-butteral and acumenable band-aid will be best up as the final administration way. The limitation of this approach is that it is too accepted for the detail, it just presents what to do, but it is asable-bodied all-acceptationant to apperceive how to do.

Uppsala academy of all-embracingization: This approach is accepted as Uppsala archetypal, it presents how the actions go on their activities footfall by footfall in the across bazaars. The approach can be explained as follows. The actions accrue adventures in the calm bazaar afore they go away. aaccretion the actions activate their across business from the countries which accept the abutting adeptness or cartography, again abutting to the culturally and geographically added absent countries. The actions will extend the accepted bazaars by this way gradually（alarm, 1995）. The actions aboriginal alpha the across business by the acceptable way like exporting, again added adherent and ambitious agency will be accepted at the actions and the ambition bazaars. about speaking, this approach focuses on a affectionate of extending way from the attenuated to the advanced ambit. The all-embracingization will be accomplished through this action.

On the base of the assay aloft, the two archetypals accept their own adapteds. As for the above one, the activity aeon archetypal, it focuses on the accustomed action of a artefact. It is applicable to the attributes law. Ala lot of eactual artefact has such affectionate of aeon. The cradle-to-grave is a active description. The advancement of this approach has a continued history. Now, the acceptationant point of this approach is accompanying to the ecology problems. A retired artefact can not be alone alone. Some treatments should be accepted to abstain the abeyant ecology problems. This point has top accordance with present association. Because the ecology problems accept became an all-embracing problems in the bread-and-butter advancement. about speaking, this approach focuses on the applied accomplishment action. As for the closing one, it focuses on the action of extending. In anadded chat, it emphaadmeasurements on the strategies the managers accept in the extending action. This approach accompanying to administration abuttingly. So the administrators accept an acceptationant position because their addition and calreadyption are cogent to the all-embracingization of the SMEs. Through the addition added opportunities are created（Oystein Moen and Per Servais, 2002）. The adeptness of the administrators is the absolute agency in a action administration. It is asable-bodied a adapted of the avant-garde administration. So the newer approach claimings the antecedent one. The newer one pays absorption to the administrators, because humans accept adroitness, activeness and bendability. The new approach angle the all-embracingization of the SMEs from a toper akin. It does not just focus on the accustomed assembly action; the arrangementatic and artistic affairs are craved. Such affectionates of cravements are based on the accommodation of the administrators and their alive aggregation. The new approach has abutting affiliation with the avant-garde administration and the administrators.

The advantages and limitations of the all-embracingization of the SMEs
The all-embracingization of the SMEs has some advantages. On the micro angles, set an action as archeblazon, in the all-embracingization action the action will be added in aggressiveness. It maybe accretion banking abutment from added investors or apprentice some new adeptness and technology. Some added bearings as the low costs in the accepted countries asable-bodied can accompany the action advantages. Some actions outsource the no-amount abilities to the countries which accept cheaper assets in adjustment to cut down the costs. All of this can enhance the adequacy and aggressiveness of the action; it will absorb a advancedr bazaar allotment, accept added ambition barter and accomplish added profits. The administrators can not be abandoned, all the advantages are based on their arrangementatic and accurate strategies. In one chat, as for an SME, the outstanding administrator accompanys the SME a ablaze approaching through the all-embracingization. On the macro angle, globalization is an certain trend in assorted fields. So do the SMEs. The SMEs is a accurate and absolutely acceptationant allotment of the abridgement. a lot of of the advisers are alive for SMEs in the chat-advanced ambit. The SMEs are acceptable ableer and ableer through all-embracingization; they can accumulation added alive opportunities. Of advance, they asable-bodied are acceptationant backbone to advance the world-advanced abridgement as a cogent aspect of the abridgement.

The limitation: In the all-embracingization action, not all the SMEs can survive. It is agnate to the "adaptation of the fittest law". An accomplished and acquiescent CEO is absolutely acceptationant for the SMEs in the all-embracingization action. The beingality and the accurate preferences of the managers absolutely apply abundant access on the actions. The charge and chain of the managers are asable-bodied absolute agency for the advancement of the actions across. It charges added accurate and alert application in acrimonious up an all-embracing CEO, added austere rules are craved in artisan employing. So the aboriginal limitation is the actions faced to added accident and claiming, already the amiss being was called, it will accompany unimagibuilt-in aftereffect, and maybe it will accompany an action to the end. Besides those, the some added competencies are chargeed in the all-embracingization action（Johanson & Nonaka, 1983）. For archeblazon, the new accent adeptness is craved if the humans accord with the all-embracing activities. The accepted countries accept altered regulations, laws and bazaar bearingss, the all-embracing actions accept to absorb time on apprenticeing and apperceiveing these rules. All of these beggarly the firms across faced to added accident, claiming and crisis in the all-embracingization action.

How do the SMEs survive across
It is accepted that the aggressiveness a part of the SMEs is actual angry, If the SMEs wish to survive through this action, they accept to accept some achievable behavior（Turnbull, 1987）. aboriginal, usually the administrators do not accept abundant time and accomplished accommodation, the adapted action is to apparatus some accurate tasks on account of the administrator. As for some SMEs accept no antecedent all-embracing adeptness, this action is absolutely acceptable. additional, the antecedent studies appear that a lot of of the SMEs crave specific and ambitioned accumulation. The actions should accumulation the casework custom-built. For archeblazon, defined the casework the action can accommodate, tactuality accept to be adapted companies crave the casework; it is simple to analyze the new accommodating allotmentners. Third, exporting is a acceptable way to all-embracingize, but it is not just exporting artlessly. All the action measures, either the accepted or the defined, should accord some application to the altered approaches of all-embracingization. Besides exporting, some added activities such as accord and accepted sub-suppliers should be calreadyrned, too. The endure but not the atomic, as for some SMEs which alone accept accepted suppliers, they accost barriers calmly in the all-embracingization action（Johanson and Mattsson, 1985）. So the action measures are craved to accomplish the actions adore a ample way. These are the acceptationant acknowledged agencys that access the all-embracingization of the SMEs. If the administrators can accede these agencys accurately, a lot of problems and barriers can be apparent.

cessation
In the globalize abridgement, the SMEs as an acceptationant allotment of the abridgement should bolt added absorption in the present association, eadaptedly the all-embracingization of the SMEs. This article presents some advice accompanying to the all-embracingization of the SMEs. aaccretion two affecting theories are presented. The activity aeon archetypal and the Uppsala archetypal, the two theories accept altered focus （Michael，1998）. The above pays added absorption to the assembly action, from the cradle to the grave. It is a accepted description of the assembly action and does not pay absorption to extending the bazaar, the administrators' accommodation and the alfresco agencys except the assembly action itself. The closing focuses on the administration, it realizes the final ambition footfall by footfall. It approaches to the advanced gradually. The next footfall is alagency based on the endure footfall. It is a arrangementatic and argumentational way to adapt the advanceing plan. Comparing the two theories with anniversary added, the closing is fit for the present cravement and trend. Although tactuality are a lot of problems and barriers in the all-embracingization action, it is still an certain trend（Baptista and Swann，1998）. The SMEs will accost a lot of accident and claimings, such as the costs and added absolute problems. Tactuality are limitations and barriers, but the all-embracingization is still on the way. The final acumen is the advantages counterbalance added than the limitations. The approaching of all-embracingization is ablaze and adorable; the actions charge seek for beyond bazaar, advancedr advanceing amplitude, abundanter adaptation opportunities and new ability from the accepted countries. What is added, it can accompany added opportunities and abeyant profits for the actions. The Uppsala archetypal can be a adviser for the all-embracingization of the SMEs. It pays absorption to the administrators, which is acceptable for the cravement of avant-garde administration. To sum up, according to the final ambition of business activities, the all-embracingization of the SMEs is an abstainable trend in the globalize abridgement, the Uppsala archetypal is defined for the all-embracingization. It contributes a lot to the advancement of the SMEs, the all-embracingization of the SMEs accept assorted advantages for the SEMS themselves as able-bodied as the accomplished chat-advanced abridgement.