11. Assessment Offences
评估罪行

 
Plagiarism
抄袭

Plagiarism is treated as a major offence by the University of London. This applies equally  to  copying  from  books,  articles  and  other  works,  and  the  copying  of  an essay,  or  other  work,  written  or  produced  by  another  student.  Plagiarism  carries very  serious  penalties;  the  consequences  may  range from  the  failure  of  the  work
submitted to failing the course and potentially even the entire programme of study.
抄袭被伦敦大学视为一项严重的犯规。这同样适用于书籍，文章和其他作品的复制，复制的文章，或由另一名学生书写或进行。剽窃进行非常严厉的惩罚，后果可能范围从故障工作提交课程不及格，甚至有可能是整个方案的研究。

The  most  severe  consequence  could  lead  to  dismissal  from  the  University  of
London.  Please  refer  to  the  College  Regulations  governing  Examination  and Assessment Offences (on the following web page) for further details of procedures that will be followed if plagiarism is suspected:
最严重的后果可能被伦敦大学导致解雇。请学院参照规章进一步的细节将遵循的程序，如果被怀疑抄袭，考试及评核罪行。

The definition for plagiarism can be found in the College Regulations, published on the College Website.  The College Regulations governing Examination and Assessment Offences state the following:
抄袭的定义，可以发现在学院规则，学院网站上公布。书院规例规管考试及评核罪行列明下列各项：
http://ukthesis.org/Thesis_Tips/Handbook

Plagiarism  ‘means  the  presentation  of  another  person’s  work  in  any  quantity without  adequately identifying it and citing its source in  a  way  which is consistent with  good  scholarly  practice  in  the  discipline  and commensurate  with  the  level  of professional  conduct  expected  from  the  student.  The source which is plagiarised may  take  any  form  (including  words,  graphs  and  images,  musical  texts,  data, source code, ideas or judgements) and may exist in any published or unpublished medium,  including  the  internet.’  …    ‘Plagiarism  may  occur  in  any  piece  of  work presented  by  a  student,  including  examination  scripts,  although  standards  for citation  of  sources  may  vary  dependent  on  the  method  of  assessment.  Group working  would  constitute  plagiarism  where  the  discipline  or  the  method  of assessment emphasises independent study and collective ideas are presented as uniquely those of the individual submitting the work.#p#分页标题#e#
抄袭'是指介绍他人作品在任何数量不充分识别，并引用其来源的方式是一致的纪律和良好的学术实践水平预计从学生的专业操守相称。这是抄袭的源可能采取任何形式（包括文字，图形和图像，音乐文本，数据，源代码，想法或判断），可能存在于任何已发表或未发表的媒介，包括互联网。'...'抄袭可能发生在任何一幅作品由一个学生，包括考试答卷，虽然可能取决于评估方法的标准引用来源。工作组将构成抄袭的纪律或评估方法的强调自主学习和集体观念作为唯一的个人提交的工作。
 
An allegation of plagiarism does not necessarily imply an allegation of intent on the part of the student to cheat. Situations which may, however, imply cheating in this context include:
抄袭的指控并不一定意味着对部分学生作弊的指控意图。然而，可能意味着在此背景下作弊的情况包括：
the use of sources which would not normally be available to the student, such as work submitted by others in previous years;
使用的来源，通常不会提供给学生，如前几年其他人提交的工作

(a) an attempt to disacknowledge the plagiarism when presented with material evidence;
当提交其他材料证据时，企图否认剽窃
(b) collusion with another person; and
与其他人串通，及
(c) a repeat offence.
屡犯
 
To  identify  plagiarism  is  an  academic  judgement,  based  on  a  comparison  across the  student’s  work  in  general,  and/or  on  knowledge of  the  sources,  of  practice  in the  discipline  and  of  expectations  for  professional  conduct.  Academic  staff  may therefore  determine  that  plagiarism  has  taken  place  even  if  the  source  has  not been identified.’
为了找出抄袭的学术判断，在一般情况下，整个学生的工作和/或知识的来源的基础上进行比较，实践中的纪律和专业操守的期望。学术人员可能因此确定抄袭已经发生，即使源尚未确定。“

Avoiding Plagiarism
避免抄袭

 
1.  Wide  reading: The  more  dependent  you  are  on  one  source  or  just  a small number  of  sources,  the  more  likely  you  are  to  replicate  the  ideas  those  authors offer.  It  is  good  academic  practice  to  consult  as  widely  as  possible,  and  to  focus your  reading  on  the  issues  raised  in  the  assignment  topic  rather  than  retrieving everything  you  read.  The further you progress through your degree programme, the more widely and deeply you will have to read in order to address issues raised in assignments.#p#分页标题#e#
广泛阅读：越是依赖你是一个源或只是少量的来源，你就越有可能复制这些作者提供的思路。这是良好的学术实践，尽可能广泛的协商，并在分配课题提出的问题，而不是检索你读到的一切重点阅读。进一步你的进步，通过学位课程，更广泛和深入，以解决分配中提出的问题，你将不得不读。
 
2.  Careful note taking and paraphrasing ideas:  Much preparation for assignments  involves  taking  notes  from  books  or  other  materials  that  you  are reading.  In  taking  notes,  you  should  be  careful  not  to  copy  sentences  or paragraphs  directly,  unless  you  place  them  in  inverted  commas.  If you omit the inverted commas, you might forget that you copied directly and therefore plagiarise unintentionally. It is good academic practice to learn to paraphrase arguments. To do so, you should read, say, a chapter of a textbook and then use your own words and  your  own  sequence  of  ideas  to  record  the  arguments  as  they  relate  to  the issues raised by your assignment.
仔细记笔记和解述想法
 
3.  Clear  citing  and  referencing:  It  is important  to  record  in  your  notes when  a passage  is  a  direct  quotation;  do  not  forget  to  note  also  the  page  on  which  the quotation is located. Direct quotes are very useful mechanisms for conveying key ideas concisely, but in management assignments they should be used sparingly – e.g. for clarifying definitions of concepts. You should avoid citing huge chunks and paragraphs from sources.  When you do quote directly, you must use inverted commas, make a clear reference to the source at the point of quotation (e.g. Jones 1999: p.10) and provide its full reference details in a bibliography (reference list) at the end of the assignment.
   清除引用和参考
 
4.  Citation  of  all  consulted  sources:  In  order  to  optimise  transparency  in academic work, it is necessary to provide a full list of all the sources consulted in writing  an  assignment.  All articles, books and other materials, including Internet sources, should be referenced in conformity with the Harvard system, as specified above.
    所有咨询源的引用
 
5.  Wary  use  of  Internet  sources:  Although  it  is  convenient  and  quick  to  gain access to materials on the Internet, you should note that there is virtually no quality control over what appears on the Internet. There are obvious exceptions – such as Web  sites  established  by  authoritative  institutions  (e.g.  The  Economist;  World Bank) – but in general you should think hard before relying on information from the Internet.  Where  you  do  make  use  of  such  sources,  you  must  give  full  reference details, including the date you accessed the site.#p#分页标题#e#
    警惕利用网上资源
 
6.  Writing individual assignments on your own:  Most  assignments  are designed  to  examine  your  individual  skills  and  understanding,  and  it  is  important that  you  write  such  assignments  on  your  own.  This does  not  prevent  you  from discussing assignments with colleagues – indeed, this is often a very good practice –  but  the  way  you  present  information  and  construct  an  argument  should  reflect your knowledge and ability.
   写自己的上面写个人作业

Duplication
复制

All work submitted must be your own and original. Please note that any work previously submitted for another course or programme (e.g.  UG work) at RHUL or any other institution is not acceptable. Para  2  (b)  of  the  2009-10 Regulations  on  Assessment  Offences  makes  clear  that  “the unacknowledged  replication  of  one’s  own  work  in  any  quantity  across separate assessments without sufficient redevelopment to make it novel and appropriate  to  each  assessment  is  an  examination  offence.  This  would include  the  replication  of  work  which  was  previously  submitted  for assessment at another institution”
提交的所有工作必须是你自己和原始。请注意先前提交的其他课程或计划（如UG工作）在房间内或任何其他机构的任何工作是不能接受的。 2009-10评估程序治罪条例“第2条（b）明确指出，”未确认的复制自己的作品在任何数量的分布在不同的评估没有足够的重建，使其新颖，适合每个评估是考试的罪行。这将包括复制的工作，这是以前在另一家机构提交评估“

A  note  on  paraphrasing  and  quoting:  Quotes  are  direct  transcriptions  of  text from other  sources  while  paraphrasing  uses  your  own  words  to  express  others’  ideas. You  should  attempt  to  paraphrase  where  possible  and  only  use  quotes  sparingly and  strategically.  Both paraphrasing and quoting require referencing, and quotes must refer to the page number from which they were taken.
意译的注意事项和引用：行情是从其他来源的文字直接抄录，而意译用你自己的话来表达别人的想法。你应该尝试套用在可能的情况下，只使用引号谨慎策略。转述和引述需要引用和引号必须参考的页码被当作。#p#分页标题#e#

You  should  also  refer  to  the  Student  Handbook of  the  current  academic  year  for practical instructions on how plagiarism and duplication can be avoided.
你还应该参考，实际说明如何避免抄袭和复制。